Results of vascular resections during pancreatectomy from two European centres: an analysis of survival and disease-free survival explicative factors

AbstractObjectives. The object of our study was to report on the experience with vascular resections at pancreatectomy in two European specialist hepatopancreatobiliary centres and evaluate outcome and prognostic factors. Patients and methods. From 1989 to 2002, 45 patients (21 men, 24 women) underwent pancreatectomy for a pancreatic mass: Whipple's procedure (n= 33), total pancreatectomy (n= 10) or left splenopancreatectomy (n= 2), along with a vascular resection, i.e. venous (n= 39), arterial (n= 1) or venous + arterial (n= 5). Results. Operative mortality was nil, postoperative mortality was 2.2% (n= 1); 34 patients had an uneventful postoperative course. Reoperations were performed for portal vein thromobosis (n= 1), pancreatic leak (n= 1), gastric outlet syndrome (n= 1) and gastrointestinal bleeding (n= 1). In all, 43 patients had cancer on pathology examination, with retropancreatic invasion in 72% and lymph node extension in 62.8%. Resection was R0 in 21 cases. Vessel wall invasion was present in 13 cases and 19 had perivascular invasion. Disease-free survival (DFS) at 1, 2 and 3 years was 36.0%, 15.0% and 12.0%, respectively. Median DFS length was 8.7 months (95% CI: 7.2; 10.2). Overall survival rates were 56.6%, 28.9% and 19.2%, respectively. Median survival length was 14.2 months (95% CI: 9.8; 18.6). A multivariate analysis of prognostic variables identified tumour location (other than head of pancreas), neoadjuvant chemotherapy and advanced disease stage as adverse factors for DFS. Conclusion. Survival and DFS rates of these patients are comparable to those without vascular resection. Tumour localization, tumour stage, neoadjuvant treatment and tumour recurrence are explanatory variables of survival. Tumour localization, tumour stage and neoadjuvant treatment were explanatory variables for DFS. However, the type and extent of vascular resections as well as vessel wall invasion does not affect survival and DFS

A Taxonomy of Privacy and Security Risks Contributing Factors

Part 2: Privacy MetricsInternational audienceIdentity management system(s) (IDMS) do rely on tokens in order to function. Tokens can contribute to privacy or security risk in IDMS. Specifically, the characteristics of tokens contribute greatly to security and privacy risks in IDMS. Our understanding of how the characteristics of token contribute to privacy and security risks will help us manage the privacy and security risks in IDMS. In this article, we introduce a taxonomy of privacy and security risks contributing factors to improve our understanding of how tokens affect privacy and security in IDMS. The taxonomy is based on a survey of IDMS articles. We observed that our taxonomy can form the basis for a risk assessment model