Structural and Electrical properties of ZnO Nanorod based dye sensitized solar cell

ThePreparation of nanorod involves simple and novel design of sol-gel process. Further, by using the prepared nanorods,working electrode will be prepared and it will be sensitized with ruthenium dye. A platinum coated FTO electrode will beused as a counter electrode. Dye sensitized solar cell will be assembled by using the working electrode and counterelectrode. FE-SEM and UV characteristics have been carried out at 250ᵒC, 350ᵒC&450ᵒC. The size and band gap ofnanorod at these temperatures has been found out to be 1μm and 2.95eV, 200nm and 2.86eV, 100nm and 2.79eVrespectively. The power conversion efficiency and the fill factor have been obtained as 2.72% and 0.722 respectively

Sodium p-nitrophenolate tetrahydrate

The structure of sodium p-nitrophenolate tetrahydrate, Na+�C6H4NO3 -�4H2O, is presented. The nature of the hydrogen and coordination bonds in this structure is discussed and compared with that of sodium p-nitrophenolate dihydrate

metal-organic papers Structure Reports Online Sodium p-nitrophenolate tetrahydrate

Key indicators Single-crystal X-ray study T = 123 K Mean '(C±C) = 0.003 A Ê R factor = 0.041 wR factor = 0.101 Data-to-parameter ratio = 12.5 For details of how these key indicators were automatically derived from the article, see http://journals.iucr.org/e. # 2002 International Union of Crystallography Printed in Great Britain ± all rights reserved The structure of sodium p-nitrophenolate tetrahydrate, Na + ÁC 6 H 4 NO 3 À Á4H 2 O, is presented. The nature of the hydrogen and coordination bonds in this structure is discussed and compared with that of sodium p-nitrophenolate dihydrate. Comment The in¯uence of solvents on crystallization in the formation of new structures of organic compounds is well known and this effect can pose serious problems when crystallizing materials for non-linear optical (NLO) applications. In the tetrahydrate form, we have observed extensive hydrogen bonding. Both O1A and O1B of the nitrophenoxy ions in the asymmetric unit shown i

Crystal growth of semiorganic sodium p-nitrophenolate dihydrate from aqueous solution and their characterization

Sodium p-nitrophenolate dihydrate $(NPNa.2H_2O)$, is a semiorganic nonlinear optical crystal which is reported to have an effective nonlinear optical coefficient of 5 pm/V. The crystal is usually grown from methanol. By suitably varying the growth parameters, we obtained stable, transparent, sodium p-nitrophenolate dihydrate using water as a solvent. Large single crystals of the dimension $20 \times 17 \times 8 mm^3$were grown by a temperature-lowering method. Preliminary characterizations were carried out on the grown sample and compared with methanol-grown $NPNa.2H_2O$. The optical transmission study on these crystals revealed that the crystals grown from aqueous solution have a higher percentage of transmission, thereby favourably affecting optical performance

Nonlinear optical activity of anhydrous and hydrated sodium p-nitrophenolate

Differently hydrated sodium p-nitrophenolate (NPNa) crystals were obtained while growing them from different solvents such as methanol and water. Thermal analysis and powder X-ray diffraction studies were carried out on these crystals. Kurtz powder SHG technique was used for qualitative assessment of their nonlinear optical (NLO) activity. From the detailed single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies it is established that NPNa has three different forms, of which only one is found to possess NLO activity. Additionally, a new NLO active crystal was also found to grow from aqueous solution. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Ultrasonic measurement of the elastic constants of sodium p-nitrophenolate dihydrate single crystals

Sodium p-nitrophenolate dihydrate single crystals possess excellent nonlinear optical properties such that they can be used for optical second-harmonic generation. It belongs to the orthorhombic system with the space group Ima2. Slow evaporation or slow cooling techniques can be used to grow good optical quality single crystals from supersaturated solution. All the nine elastic constants of this crystal have been measured using an ultrasonic technique. Samples for measurements have been cut along desired crystallographic axes and the pulse echo overlap technique has been used to measure longitudinal and shear ultrasonic wave velocities along appropriate symmetry directions in the crystal. The McSkimin Delta t criterion has been applied to determine the round trip travel time accurately, from which the nine elastic constants have been evaluated. Temperature variation of selected elastic constants in a limited range have also been measured and reported

2-Amino-6-methylpyridinium 4-hydroxybenzoate

In the title molecular salt, C6H9N2+·C7H5O3−, the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the CO2 group in the anion is 6.1 (2)°. In the crystal, the cation and anion are linked by N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, and the anions are connected by O—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network

Crystal growth and characterization of semiorganic nonlinear optical material: sodium p-nitrophenolate dihydrate

Sodium p-nitrophenolate dihydrate (NPNa) is a new semiorganic nonlinear optical crystal. It has a d(eff) of about 1.2 times that of potassium titanyl phosphate. Large single crystals of NPNa were grown from water and methanol solutions by isothermal solvent evaporation. The morphology of the grown crystals was indexed. The defect content of the methanol grown crystals was evaluated by chemical etching and synchrotron topography. The section topography carried out on a large uncut crystal revealed a considerable reduction in the defect density away from the seed. The improved optical transmission of NPNa crystals was achieved by purifying the starting materials. The mechanical hardness of the NPNa crystals in the 010 plane was evaluated by Vickers and Knoop indentations