82 research outputs found

    The Identification of Industrial Clusters – Methodical Aspects in a Multidimensional Framework for Cluster Identification

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    We use a combination of measures of spatial concentration, qualitative input-output analysis and innovation interaction matrices to identify the horizontal and vertical dimension of industrial clusters in Saxony in 2005. We describe the spatial allocation of the industrial clusters and show possibilities of vertical interaction of clusters based on intermediate goods flows. With the help of region and sector-specific knowledge interaction matrices we are able to show that a sole focus on intermediate goods flows limits the identification of innovative actors in industrial clusters, as knowledge flows and intermediate goods flows do not show any major overlaps.industrial clusters, qualitative input-output-analysis, innovation interaction matrix

    The Identification of Regional Industrial Clusters Using Qualitative Input-Output Analysis

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    The ‘cluster theory’ has become one of the main concepts promoting regional competitiveness, innovation, and growth. As most studies focus on measures of concentration of one industrial branch in order to identify regional clusters, the appropriate analysis of specific vertical relations within a value-adding chain is developing in this discussion. This paper tries to identify interrelated sectors via national input-output tables with the help of Minimal Flow Analysis by Schnabl (1994). The regionalization of these national industry templates is carried out with the allocation of branch-specific production values on regional employment. As a result, the paper shows concentrations of vertical clusters in only 27 of 439 German NUTS-3 regions.industrial clusters, qualitative input-output analysis, vertical linkages

    Related Variety, Unrelated Variety and Regional Functions: Identifying Sources of Regional Employment Growth in Germany from 2003 to 2008

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    This article analyses how regional employment growth in Germany is affected by related variety, unrelated variety and the functions a region performs in the production process. Following the related variety literature, we argue that regions benefit from the existence of related activities that facilitate economic development. However, we argue that the sole reliance of related variety on standard industrial classifications remains debatable. Hence, we offer estimations for establishing that conceptual progress can indeed be made when a focus for analysis goes beyond solely considering industries. We develop an industry-function based approach of related and unrelated variety. Our findings suggest that related variety only in combination with a high functional specialization of the region facilitates regional growth in Germany. Additionally, also unrelated variety per se fails to wield influences affecting development of regions. It is rather unrelated, but functionally proximate variety in the groups “White Collar” and “Blue Collar Workers” positively affects regional employment growth.related variety, unrelated variety, regional functions, functional specialization

    Mapping Local and Regional Potentials for Inter-sectoral Technology Flows in Industrial Clusters – Empirical Results for Germany

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    The paper explores the potential for inter-sectoral technology flows in industrial clusters in Germany. With the help of a product-embodied R&D flow matrix, calculated using data on input–output tables and sectoral R&D employment, we construct industrial cluster based networks of technology provider and user relationships and examine the regional embeddedness of different sectors in the technological diffusion network of industrial clusters. As a result, the paper shows that simple graphical representations of relevant product-embodied R&D flows illustrate substantial differences in potentials for technological relations within industrial clusters.

    Die Formierung von Photovoltaik-Clustern in Ostdeutschland

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    Als eine der SchwĂ€chen der ostdeutschen Wirtschaftsstruktur erweist sich der relative Mangel an FĂŒhrungsfunktionen und Headquartern sowie damit einhergehende vergleichsweise geringe Forschungs- und Entwicklungsanstrengungen der Betriebe. In der Entstehung neuer Industriezweige liegt die Chance, dieser SchwĂ€che zu begegnen. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht der vorliegende Beitrag die Entstehung und Entwicklung der Photovoltaik-Industrie in Ostdeutschland. Diese ist infolge öffentlicher Förderung seit geraumer Zeit durch starkes Produktions- und Umsatzwachstum gekennzeichnet. Dabei haben die ostdeutschen Regionen bisher ĂŒberproportional vom Wachstum des Sektors profitiert. Im Jahr 2008 waren in den Neuen BundeslĂ€ndern etwa 14 000 direkte IndustriebeschĂ€ftigte in diesem Sektor tĂ€tig. Ausgehend von einem Phasenmodell industrieller Entwicklung, dem Window-of-Locational-Opportunity-Konzept (WLO) von Storper und Walker, wird die bisherige Entwicklung der Branche in Ostdeutschland von 1996 bis zum Jahr 2008 dargestellt. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass sich trotz anhaltender Wachstums- und NeugrĂŒndungsprozesse innerhalb der Photovoltaik-Industrie eine Konzentration auf einige bestimmte Standorte, verbunden mit dem Prozess der Etablierung industrieller Cluster, abzeichnet. Infolge des Clusterungsprozesses haben sich mit den Regionen Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Dresden/Freiberg, Erfurt/Arnstadt sowie Frankfurt (Oder) und Berlin einige fĂŒhrende Standorte in Ostdeutschland entwickelt, die jeweils durch spezifische StĂ€rken und SchwĂ€chen gekennzeichnet sind

    Cluster in Mitteldeutschland - Strukturen, Potenziale, Förderung. Tagungsband

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    Regionale Cluster erfreuen sich seit geraumer Zeit großen Interesses von Seiten der Wissenschaft sowie der Regionalpolitik. An sie wird die Hoffnung auf die Steigerung der GrĂŒndungsrate, der regionalen InnovationsfĂ€higkeit und der betrieblichen ProduktivitĂ€t geknĂŒpft, was im Endeffekt zur Erhöhung der regionalen WettbewerbsfĂ€higkeit beitragen soll. Wenngleich auch in Mitteldeutschland (Sachsen-Anhalt, Sachsen, ThĂŒringen) vielfĂ€ltige Cluster existieren (z. B. in der Biotechnologie, der Solartechnik, der Chemieindustrie, der Forstwirtschaft, der Mikroelektronik, der Nanotechnologien und der optischen Technologien), mangelt es bislang an genaueren Erkenntnissen ĂŒber deren Aufbau und Entwicklungsstadien, die Ausgestaltung und Wirksamkeit der aktuellen Clusterförderung sowie die zu erwartende Entwicklung der bisherigen Strukturen. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist es Ziel des Tagungsbandes, die in Mitteldeutschland bestehenden Cluster zu identifizieren sowie hinsichtlich ihres Aufbaus und Entwicklungspotenzials zu analysieren, bisherige Maßnahmen der Clusterförderung in ihrer Wirkung kritisch zu beleuchten und zur Erweiterung der zugrunde liegenden konzeptionellen Basis beizutragen. Der Tagungsband vereint dazu die theoriegeleiteten BeitrĂ€ge und Fallstudien aus der Clusterforschung sowie Erkenntnisse aus der Clusterförderungspraxis, die am 25. und 26. November 2010 im Rahmen des gemeinschaftlich vom Institut fĂŒr Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH) und der Fachgruppe Wirtschaftsgeographie der Martin-Luther-UniversitĂ€t Halle-Wittenberg organisierten Workshops 'Cluster in Mitteldeutschland - Strukturen, Potenziale, Förderung' in Halle (Saale) prĂ€sentiert worden sind ..

    Determinants for the partners' choice within the 7th EU Framework Programmec

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    The EU Framework Programme (FP) belongs to the most important instruments promoting transnational collaborative R&D projects in Europe. Its main objective is to initiate cross-border complementarities in order to exploit knowledge resources and to conduct large scale research. Within the EU FPs the applicants are free to choose partners from all over Europe. The key question of our paper is: Which determinants affect the emergence of intra- and interregional collaborations within EU Framework Programmes? One might assume that geographical factors do not matter since trade barriers have been eliminated in the Single European Market. Though, there is a controversial debate on the importance of geographical proximity for the exchange of knowledge. Our paper relies on two theoretical concepts. First, we apply the global cluster networks conception developed by Bathelt and Li (2013). Within this concept it is argued that clustered organizations are more likely to set up collaborative R&D efforts with other similar clustered organizations to keep up with wider industry developments. Conversely, non-cluster organizations are less likely to get integrated cluster destinations. Second, we tie in with the proximity debate discussed in Boschma (2005). According to this concept geographical proximity addresses only one facet. Beyond physical distance other forms of proximity are existent such as social, cognitive, organisational and institutional proximity. It is argued that physical distance is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for interactive learning processes. Though, it may facilitate the other dimensions of proximity. In line with these strands of research we investigate the determinants of the number of cross-region collaborations within EU FPs. The analysis is focused on regional level (NUTS 2). Moreover, we differentiate between two technology fields, biotechnology and aerospace. In doing so, we are capable to capture technology specific characteristics. We apply a spatial interaction modelling framework that bases on a gravity type (Scherngell and Barber 2009). The empirical analysis is carried out using a negative binomial specification. We found evidence that geographical factors still matter ? but technological proximity seems to be more importantly. Moreover, we prove that the mere size in terms of employment and establishments is not necessarily required to establish cross-region collaborations. Also small actors have been chosen as partners in collaborative R&D networks across Europe

    Entrepreneurial Opportunity and the Formation of the Photovoltaic Industry in Eastern Germany

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    Research on the spatial distribution of economic activity has mainly focussed on identifying conditions that sustain industrial clusters, as they are perceived to be the locus of regional economic growth. Taking this static perspective, today only little is known about the factors that facilitate the emergence of spatial structures in new industries. To achieve deeper insights in these formation processes 'theory must explain how information and resources for entrepreneurial activities come to be disproportionally massed in some places and some times'. Within this context, recent developments in institutional economic geography underline the role of social movements contributing to institutional change and government action, thus affecting entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial opportunity. As these institutions and government actions have a spatial dimension, they can induce Windows of Locational Opportunity (WLO) supporting the evolution of spatial patterns of new industries. Yet, little research has examined the role of institutional change and government action in the evolution of new industries or entrepreneurial opportunity. Regarding the energy sector, the importance of institutional change seems to hold for effects of environmental movements, as they were able to give an increased awareness of pre-existing technological solutions (esp. alternative sources of energy). Changes within this field - in earlier days as reaction to oil crises - can nowadays be seen as reactions in answer to climate change caused by emissions of CO2. This calls for a rapid rate of diffusion of CO2 neutral energy technologies so that the shift towards renewable energies results in a series of technological discontinuities in the energy field. The objective of this paper is to explain the evolution of spatial structures of one special type of renewable energies in Germany, the photovoltaic industry (PV). In a first step we demonstrate how environmental movements contributed to institutional change and government action leading to changes in the legal and regulative structure in Germany. We describe how these changes opened up a Window of Locational Opportunity and therefore combine the approach of the WLO concept with that of entrepreneurial opportunity

    Wirtschaftsstruktur und Regionalentwicklung: Zur Bedeutung von Headquartern und verbundenen Wirtschaftszweigen

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    Eine starke Verbundenheit von Wirtschaftszweigen wirkt positiv auf das regionale BeschĂ€ftigungswachstum – allerdings nur dann, wenn zugleich FĂŒhrungskrĂ€fte in der Region ĂŒberdurchschnittlich prĂ€sent sind. Fehlt das Zusammenspiel von Verbundenheit und FĂŒhrungsfunktionen – etwa bei einem Mangel an Unternehmens-Headquartern in der Region –, wirkt dies negativ auf das BeschĂ€ftigungswachstum

    Determinanten der Vernetzung von Unternehmen der deutschen Photovoltaik-Industrie

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    Wenngleich die positiven Effekte von Kooperationen bereits in einer Vielzahl von Untersuchungen nachgewiesen werden konnten, erfĂ€hrt die Frage nach den Determinanten der Neigung von Unternehmen, Kooperationsbeziehungen einzugehen, in der Forschung zu Unternehmenskooperationen bisher nur geringe Aufmerksamkeit. Dabei könnte die Kenntnis der relevanten Einflussfaktoren Aufschluss darĂŒber geben, inwieweit sich unterschiedliche KooperationsintensitĂ€ten in Regionen auf Unterschiede im Unternehmensbesatz zurĂŒckfĂŒhren lassen. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht das Diskussionspapier, welche Einflussfaktoren die Anzahl der Kooperationspartner von Unternehmen in der Photovoltaik-Industrie bestimmen. Ausgehend von einem Überblick ĂŒber die möglichen Effekte der Kooperation von Unternehmen mit Partnern innerhalb und außerhalb der eigenen Region werden Hypothesen ĂŒber die ZusammenhĂ€nge zwischen sowohl unternehmensspezifischen als auch regionsspezifischen Variablen und der Kooperationsneigung von Unternehmen aufgestellt. Diese werden im Rahmen von Regressionsmodellen anhand eines Datensatzes zu 178 deutschen Photovoltaikunternehmen getestet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass insbesondere große Unternehmen sowie Unternehmen mit hohen absorptiven FĂ€higkeiten eine Vielzahl an Kooperationsbeziehungen unterhalten. Kooperationen innerhalb der eigenen Region gehen die Unternehmen vor allem dann ein, wenn eine Vielzahl potenzieller Partner am Standort vorhanden ist. Zudem kooperieren Niederlassungen auslĂ€ndischer Unternehmen besonders hĂ€ufig mit Partnern aus der Region, in der sie angesiedelt sind.The article examines the determinants of the number of cooperation partners and the share of regional cooperations of firms in the German photovoltaic industry. Based on an overview about possible effects of the cooperation of firms with partners inside and outside their region, we derive hypotheses on the relationship between both firmspecific and region-specific variables and the cooperative behavior of firms. The hypotheses are tested with regression models using a data set of 178 firms of the German photovoltaic industry. The results show that in particular large firms and firms with a high absorptive capacity have significantly more co-operation partners. Furthermore, firms cooperate within their region especially when a large number of potential partners are located in the same region. Regarding foreign-owned firms, the results show that these firms tend to cooperate in particular with partners, inside the region where they are located
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