MONEY, INCOME, AND CAUSALITY: AN EXAMINATION FOR THE TURKISH ECONOMY

This paper examines the direction of causality between money and income for the Turkish economy using quarterly data over the period of 1987 to 2011. A vector autoregression model consisting of the real gross domestic product, the broad money supply, the three months deposit rate as short-term interest rate, and the consumer price index is constructed to implement causality tests. Also, a leveraged bootstrapped simulation technique is used when conducting causality tests in order to make the results more robust. The empirical results suggest a bidirectional causation between the two variables and that monetary aggregates may provide relevant information in the implementation of monetary policy

Energy consumption and economic growth for selected OECD countries: Further evidence from the Granger causality test in the frequency domain

This paper aims to reexamine the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for 20 OECD countries. To that end, we employ a Granger causality test in the frequency domain which allows us to distinguish short (temporary) and long-run (permanent) causality. The empirical results could be summarized as following. First, in terms of causality running from GDP to energy consumption, there is a temporary relationship for Australia, Austria, Canada, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Portugal, the UK, the USA, and a permanent relationship for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, and the USA. Second, in terms of causality running from energy consumption to GDP, there is a temporary relationship for Austria, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway and Portugal, and a permanent relationship for Belgium, Finland, Greece, Italy, Japan, and Portugal. The main implication of our finding is that the energy policies should take into consideration not only the causality direction between economic growth and energy consumption but also whether it is temporal or permanent and furthermore authorities must design policy actions accordingly. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

SYMMETRIC AND ASYMMETRIC NONLINEAR DYNAMICS IN REAL INTEREST RATE PARITY

This study analyzes the validity of the real interest rate parity hypothesis for 16 emerging market countries using Japan and United States as base countries for the post-1990 period. We use a recently introduced nonlinear test which tests the null hypothesis of unit root against the alternative of symmetric/asymmetric exponential smooth transition autoregressive model. The results show evidence in support of the real interest rate parity hypothesis for the all countries in the sample

Linear and Nonlinear Cointegration of Purchasing Power Parity: Further Evidence from Developing Countries

In this study, we search for evidence of empirical validity of long-run purchasing power parity (PPP) in case of eight developing countries. We consider both a linear and non-linear model of PPP based on cointegration analysis and apply firstly Johansen's linear approach and then conduct Breitung's rank and score tests to search for any non-linear cointegrating relationship. The results obtained from Breitung's rank test suggest that once the sources of non-linearities are taken into account, the results provide stronger evidence on the empirical fulfillment of PPP

The Analysing Capital Market Integration with Parametric and Nonparametric Cointegration Tests among BRIC Countries and Turkey

The aim of this study is to analyze what proportion are integrated to each other the Brazilian, China, India, Russia and Turkey capital markets. In this respect, the parametric and nonparametric cointegration tests developed by Johansen (1988, 1991 and 1994) and Bierens (1997 and 2004) are applied. As a result of the study determined that capital markets of these countries are integrated and they do not have long-term profit opportunities

Persistence in per capita energy consumption: A fractional integration approach with a Fourier function

In this study, we investigate the degree of persistence for aggregate energy consumption per capita for 113 countries over the period 1960-2014 through a recently introduced fractional unit root test with a Fourier function to allow multiple smooth structural breaks. We also employ the ADF unit root test, the efficient Wald test for fractional unit-roots. and the Fourier ADF test to make a comparison and to enrich the study. The empirical results considering the fractional Fourier unit root test indicate two crucial points. First, shocks have only temporary effects on energy consumption per capita, and it will vanish slowly as a result of the long memory characteristic. Therefore even transitory shocks have persistence effects, which require permanent policies due to their nature.This inference indifferent from what would be erroneously suggested by the dichotomous approach for stationarity and nonstationarity that temporary shocks will have transitory effects. Second, the integration degree of energy consumption per capita may change due to the existence of a structural break: therefore, policymakers must be aware of the varying integration degree to design and implement the best policies. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved