Farklı substratlar, pleurotus ostreatus'un antioksidan özelliklerini ve antimikrobiyal aktivitesini etkiler mi?

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of growing substrates on the antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activities of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. In the study, growing substrates were prepared with five different tree sawdust (80%) and waste (20% Tea Waste or Wheat Bran) at different ratios (80% Sawdust + 20% TW, 80% Sawdust + 20% GW). The antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts from P. ostreatus grown on 19 different substrates were tested against microorganisms by agar well diffusion technique. The total phenolic content was measured by using the Folin-Ciocalteau procedure. The antioxidant capacity was determined by using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the free radical scavenging activity of DPPH. It was determined that the methanol extract of mushrooms obtained from the 80QS+20TW substrate was the most effective extract against all of the microorganisms investigated in this study. Significant differences (P<0.01) were found among extracts of mushrooms grown on different substrates. Total phenolic, FRAP and DPPH assay contents of methanol extracts from P. ostreatus varied between 1.016 to 4.772 mg GAE/g, 2.245 to 8.902 μmol FeSO4.7H2O/g, 4.650 to 22.922 mg/mL, respectively. The results of this study revealed that the substrate content affects the antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activities of P. ostreatus. In addition, it was observed that tea waste has a positive effect on antimicrobial activity when added to substrate.Bu çalışmanın amacı, yetiştirme substratlarının Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm.’un antioksidan özellikleri ve antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri üzerindeki etkisini belirlemektir. Çalışmada beş farklı talaş türü (%80) ve atık (%20 Çay Atığı veya Buğday Kepeği) ile farklı oranlarda (%80 Talaş + %20 Çay atığı, %80 Talaş + 20% Buğday kepeği) yetiştirme substratları hazırlanmıştır. 19 farklı substrat üzerinde büyütülen P. ostreatus'tan elde edilen metanol ekstraktlarının antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri, agar kuyucuk difüzyon tekniği ile mikroorganizmalara karşı test edildi. Toplam fenolik içerik, Folin-Ciocalteau prosedürü kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. Antioksidan kapasitesi, ferrik indirgeyici antioksidan gücü (FRAP) ve DPPH'nin serbest radikal süpürücü aktivitesi kullanılarak belirlendi. 80QS+20TW substratından elde edilen mantarların metanol ekstraktının, bu çalışmada incelenen tüm mikrooganizmalara karşı en etkili ekstrakt olduğu belirlendi. Farklı substratlar üzerinde yetiştirilen mantar ekstraktlarının antioksidan içerikleri arasında önemli farklılıklar (P<0.01) bulundu. P. ostreatus'tan elde edilen metanol ekstraktlarının toplam fenolik, FRAP ve DPPH tahlil içerikleri, sırasıyla 1.016 ile 4.772 mg GAE/g, 2.245 ile 8.902 μmol FeSO4.7H2O/g, 4.650 ile 22.922 mg/mL arasında değişmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, substrat içeriğinin, P. ostreatus'un antioksidan özelliklerini ve antimikrobiyal aktivitelerini etkilediğini ortaya koydu. Ayrıca çay atığı substrata eklendiğinde antimikrobiyal aktivite üzerinde olumlu bir etkiye sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir

Isolation, characterization, and genetic diversity of Paenibacillus larvae from AFB suspected specimens in the Central and Eastern Black Sea Regions

American foulbrood is an important bacterial disease affecting the larvae of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) caused by Paenibacillus larvae. Due to easy transmission of disease and the ability of bacteria to create spores, it is a bacterium resistant to both physical and chemical conditions. The study aims to isolate, perform microbiological analyses, and determine biochemical properties and genotypes P. larvae strains from AFB samples collected from Turkey's Central and Eastern Black Sea regions. An isolation study was conducted on adult bees, larvae, honey, and primary honeycomb samples from suspected colonies in the regions under study. After the purification of bacterial isolates from samples, P. larvae strains were identified using biochemical and molecular methods. The genetic diversity and ERIC types of P. larvae isolates were determined by rep-PCR DNA genotyping using BOX A1R and MBO REP1 primers and multiplex-PCR. A phylogenetic tree of P. larvae strains was constructed in the study. All P. larvae isolates were determined as ERIC I type. According to the rep-PCR results of P. larvae strains, 15 of the 28 isolates were Ab genotype (54%), 7 (25%) Aβ genotype, 4 (14%) AB genotype, 1 (3.5%) αB genotype, and 1 (3.5%) ab genotype. From an epidemiological viewpoint, it was determined that Ab and Aβ genotypes were widely distributed, while other genotypes (AB, αB, and ab) showed less spread. The results of the study will guide researchers in taking relevant measures to prevent and control American foulbrood. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS)

Essential oil composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Salvia staminea

Volatile constituents of the essential oil which was obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) in a Clevengertype apparatus from the air-dried Salvia staminea Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham (Lamiaceae) collected from Bayburt (North East Part of Black Sea Reagan of Turkey), were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Additionally, volatiles for the whole part of S. staminea were analyzed by two different methods which are headspace (HS)-GCFID/MS and headspace solid-phase micro extraction (HS-SPME)-GC-FID/MS. As results of this study, thirty compounds from hydrodistillation, fifteen constituents from HS-SPME and two components from headspace of S. staminea were identified with GC-FID/MS. The major compounds identified in the essential oil, SPME and HS of S. staminea were linalyl acetate (23.30%, 85.07%, and 87.55%) and linalool (22.05%, 9.02%, and 12.44%), respectively. The antimicrobial activities of the essential oil of S. staminea were screened against seven microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Candida albican) and showed good antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria which is consistent with the literature with the other types of Salvia species. The essential oil of S. staminea showed good antioxidant activity with IC50 60.4 µg/m

Antibacterial activity of bryophyte species against Paenibacillus larvae isolates

This study was performed to determine the antibacterial activity of methanol extracts of 23 bryophyte species against Paenibacillus larvae isolates that cause American foulbrood diseases in honeybee larvae. The honey and larva samples were collected from nine different locations of Rize in Turkey. A total of 22 gram-positive spore-forming bacteria were isolated from the larva and honey samples. According to the results of morphological, biochemical, and molecular (16S rRNA gene sequencing) tests, 10 isolates of the 22 gram-positive spore-forming bacteria were identified as P. larvae. A total of 10 bryophyte species (Polytrichum formasum,Polytrichum commune, Calliergonella cuspitada, Calliergonella lindbergi, Metzgeria conjugata, Isothecium alopecuroides, Syntrichia calcicola, Syntrichia intermedia, Tortella densa,and Grimmia alpestris) among 23 bryophytes showed good antimicrobial activity against P. larvae isolates according the results of agar-well diffusion method and minimal inhibition concentration experiments

Antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antiviral wffects, and apectroscopic characterization of metabolites produced by fusarium oxysporum YP9B

The goal of the work is to determine the bioactive pharmaceutical metabolites produced by the Fusarium oxysporum YP9B isolate. Ten new natural compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the F. oxysporum YP9B strain. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods using 1D and 2D NMR, UV, FT-IR, and mass spectra (LC-QTOF MS and GC-FID/MS). Identified compounds were named as; (1-benzyl-2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoate (1), 2-oxo-8-azatricyclo[9.3.1.1(3,7)]-hexadeca-1(15),3(16),4,6,11,13-hexaen-10-one (2), 2,3-dihydroxypropanoic, hexadecanoic anhydride (3a), 2,3-dihydroxypropanoic (9Z)-octadecenoic anhydride (3b), 2,3-dihydroxy-propanoic (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoic anhydride (3c), 2,3-dihydroxypropanoic (11Z)-octadecenoic anhydride (4a), 2,3-dihydroxypropanoic, (9E,12E)-octadecadienoic anhydride (4b), 3-hydroxy-1,2,6,10-tetramethylundecyl hexzadecanoate (5a), 3-hydroxy-1,2,6,10-tetramethylundecyl (9E)-octadecaenoate (5b), and 3-hydroxy-1,2,6,10-tetramethylundecyl octadecanoate (5c). Antimicrobial activities of the isolates obtained from the YP9B strain were determined. Cytotoxic and antiviral activities were tested for the isolates against VERO, MCF-7, PC-3, and A549. Compounds 5a-c, 1, and 3a-c showed bacteriostatic activity at low concentrations, and 4a-b and 2 were found to be bactericides. MIC and MBC values against Mycobacterium smegmatis for the compounds 5a-c and 1 were determined to be <0.5 mu g/mL and 0.46 mu g/mL, respectively. The experimental result showed that compounds 2, 5a-c and 1 have strong cytotoxic (7.51 +/- 1.38 and 19.13 +/- 0.68 (mu M) IC50) activity. The antiviral activity against HSV type-1 was determined to be 1.25 mu M for compounds 4a-c and 0.312 mu M for compound 1

Synthesis of hydroxy benzoin/benzil analogs and investigation of their antioxidant, antimicrobial, enzyme inhibition, and cytotoxic activities

In this study, hydroxy benzoin (1-7), benzil (8-14), and benzoin/benzil-O-beta-D-glucosides (15-25) were synthesized to investigate their biological activities. An efficient method for synthesizing hydroxy benzoin compounds (1-7) was prepared from four different benzaldehydes using an ultrasonic bath. Then, antioxidant (FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH), antimicrobial (3 Gram (-), 4/6 Gram (+), one tuberculosis and one fungus), and enzyme inhibition (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholine esterase, tyrosinase, alpha-amylase, and alpha- glucosidase) for the all synthesized compounds (1-25) were evaluated. And also, four most active compounds (4, 12, 18a+b, and 25) from each group were evaluated to the human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) and anticancer screening tests against the human retinal normal cell line (RPE). Compound 4 showed HeLa and RPE cancer cell activities as much as cisplatin. The synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods (NMR, FT-IR, UV, LC-QTOF-MS) and the ACD NMR program's help

Molecular characterization of soilborne trichoderma spp. isolates and determination of its biocontrol activity

Bu çalışmada Rize İkizdere çay topraklarından izole edilen ve geleneksel yöntemlerle tanımlaması yapılan Trichoderma spp. türlerinin farklı sıcaklıklarda üreme, spor oluşturma, sporlarının sıcaklık toleransı, antifungal ve antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri, fungisit dirençliliği, selülaz ve kitinaz üretimleri, farklı katı substratlarda spor üretimi, spor raf ömrünün ve tohum çimlenmesi üzerine etkinliklerin belirlenmesi amaçladık. Bu izolatların çoğunun Trichoderma harzianum'la benzerlik gösterirken biri T. atroviride, biri de T. hamatum olduğunu ITS sekansına dayalı olarak belirlendi. Suşların tümünde en iyi üreme ve spor oluşturma sıcaklığı 28 °C olduğu ve spor canlılığının 65 °C'ye kadar korunduğu tespit edildi. Trichoderma suşlarının etil asetat ekstratlarının antimikrobiyal aktiviteye sahip oldukları, özellikle ID4A, ID4B ve ID6A suşlarının M. smegmatis'e etkili olduğunu bulduk. Suşların uçucu metabolit ürettiği, S. sclerotiorum'un büyümesini ve sklerot oluşumunu engelledikleri belirlendi. Bitki patojeni olan B. cinerea S. sclerotiorum ve R. solani'ye karşı en etkili ve enzim (kitinaz ve selülaz) aktivitesi en yüksek olan suşlar sırasıyla T. harzianum ID11C, ID11D, T. atroviride ID20G ve T. hamatum ID17E olarak belirlendi. Trichoderma'ların Captan, Dikozin ve Cuprenax fungisitlerine karşı 10000 µg/mL düzeylerine kadar dirençli oldukları belirlendi. T. harzianum ID11C ve T. atroviride ID20G suşlarının, bitki tohumlarının çimlenmesi üzerine ilk 7 gündeki etkinliği, kontrole göre %10-17 oranında daha yüksek olduğu belirlendi. Yapılan bu çalışmada, T. harzianum ID11D ile ID11C suşlarının biyokontrol ve bitki destekleyicisi olarak en uygun suşlar olduğu, T. atroviride ID20G ve diğerlerinin de bu amaçla kullanılabileceği sonucuna varıldı. In this study, we aimed to determine the growth at different temperatures, spore-forming, temperature tolerance of spores, antifungal and antimicrobial activity, resistance to fungicides, cellulase and chitinase production, the production of spores at different solid substrates, spores shelf life and the effect to seed germination of Trichoderma spp. isolated from tea soil in İkizdere (Rize) and identified with traditional methods. We identified these isolates mostly as Trichoderma harzianum, one as Trichoderma atroviride and the other Trichoderma hamatum based on ITS sequences. The optimum growth and sporulation temperature of all strains were observed as 28°C and spore viability was determined to be protected up to 65 °C. We found that the ethyl acetate extract of Trichoderma strains have antimicrobial activity, especially ID4A, ID4B ve ID6A strains were found to be effective against M. smegmatis. It was determined that strains were producing essential metabolites, so minimizing the formation sclerotizing and growth of S. sclerotiorum. Strains with the highest enzyme activity and showing strong antifungal activity against plant pathogens (B. cinerea, S. sclerotiorum and R. solani) were determined as T. harzianum ID11C, ID11D, T. atroviride ID20G and T. hamatum ID17E, respectively. It was determined that Trichoderma isolates were resistant to Captan, Dikozin ve Cuprenax fungusists up to 10000 µg/mL level. Also it was found that the efffect of seed germination by T. harzianum ID11C and T. atroviride ID20G strains were higher than the control. In this study, we concluded that T. harzianum ID11D and ID11C isolates were the most suitable strains for biocontrol and plant promoter; and also T. atroviride ID20G and the others could be used for this purpose

Isolation, characterization, and comparative genomic analysis of vB_PlaP_SV21, new bacteriophage of Paenibacillus larvae

Paenibacillus larvae cause an American foulbrood disease (AFB) that is responsible for the extinction of honeybee colonies and is a honeybee bacterial disease that has to be obligatory notified worldwide. Recently, bacterio-phage studies targeting Paenibacillus larvae have emerged as a promising alternative treatment method. The inability of bacteria to create resistance against bacteriophages makes this method advantageous. As a conse-quence, this study was conducted to describe the genome and biological characteristics of a novel phage capable of lysing Paenibacillus larvae samples isolated from honeybee larva samples in Turkey. The Paenibacillus phage SV21 (vB_PlaP_SV21) was isolated by inducing Paenibacillus larvae strain SV21 with Mitomycin-C. Whole-genome sequencing, comparative genomics, and phylogenetic analysis of vB_PlaP_SV21 were performed. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that vB_PlaP_SV21 phage was a Podovirus morphology. The vB_PlaP_SV21 phage specific for Paenibacillus larvae was determined to belong to the Podoviridae family. Host range and specificity, burst size, lytic activity, and morphological characteristics of the phage were determined. Bio-informatic analysis of the Paenibacillus phage SV21 showed 77 coding sequences in its linear 44,949 bp dsDNA genome with a GC content of 39.33%. In this study, we analysed the genomes of all of the currently sequenced P. larvae phage genomes and classified them into five clusters and a singleton. According to molecular, morphological, and bioinformatics results, it was observed that API480 (podovirus), which was reported as a singleton in previous studies and public databases, and Paenibacillus phage SV21 phage could form a new cluster togetherRecep Tayyip Eerdogan University (RTEU) Scientific Research Projects Program RTEU-FBA-2017-80

Preparation and antimicrobial activity evaluation of some new bi- and triheterocyclic azoles

BOZDEVECI, ARIF/0000-0002-0729-9143WOS: 000323665600038Synthesis of the carbothioamides (5, 13, 22) was performed starting from 3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ones (2, 17) by several steps, and then, these carbothioamides was converted to triheterocyclic compounds incorporating 1,2,4-triazole, imidazole and 1,3-thiazol(idinone) moieties. the reaction of compound 2 with 3,4-difluoronitrobenzene afforded the 2-(2-fluoro-4-nitrophenyl) derivative, 10. Compound 10 was converted to the arylideneamino derivatives (12a, b) via the reduction of nitro group. on the other hand, the treatment of the hydrazide (20) that was obtained starting from 17, with several aromatic aldehydes generated the corresponding arylidenhydrazides (21a-c). Mannich reaction between compound 2 and a suitable heterocyclic amine resulted in the N-alkylation of 2. All newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activities. in general, most compounds except 22 were Found (%) to be active against Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans and/or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Furthermore, 9a and b, which are Mannich bases incorporating morpholine or piperazine nucleus, exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity on test microorganisms. in addition, the hydrazide, 4, was Found (%) to have activity towards Ec and Yp.Karadeniz Technical University, BAP, TurkeyKaradeniz Technical University [8623]This Project was supported by Karadeniz Technical University, BAP, Turkey (Ref. No. 8623) and is gratefully acknowledged