Türkiye'de yabancı dil olarak İngilizce öğretimi bağlamında öğrenci bağımsızlığını etkileyen etkenlerin incelenmesi

TEZ8484Tez (Doktora) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2011.Kaynakça (s. 232-262) var.xviii, 314 s. : tablo ; 29 cm.In Turkey, individuals generally grow up under the control of their parents who decide on behalf of their children. When they reach school age, this control is passed onto their teachers. urthermore, although they are never included in the decisionmaking process of their own earning, the students are expected to learn various school subjects at a reasonable level. This forms one of the problems that prevent long-lasting and meaningful learning from taking place. As a solution to this constraint, practices such as assisting students to gain responsibility, raising their sense of ownership and increasing their self-esteem and self-confidence are recommended. In brief, they should be nurtured as autonomous learners. Since the 1970's, many researchers have conducted studies on foreign language learner autonomy. Amongst the factors observed influencing this subject are achievement, age, anxiety, attitude, brain dominance, emotional intelligence, experience, gender, language learning strategies, learned helplessness, learning styles, otivation, multiple intelligence areas, parental attitudes, performance assessment, the socio-economic level of the family and whether the participants actually like English.Türkiye'de genellikle bireyler çocukları yerine kararlar veren ebeveynlerin kontrolünde büyürler. Okul yaşına geldiklerinde, bu kontrol öğretmenlere geçer. Dahası, kendi öğrenmelerine ilişkin karar alma süreçlerine hiçbir zaman dahil edilmemelerine rağmen öğrencilerin birçok okul dersini makul bir seviyede öğrenmeleri beklenmektedir. Bu da uzun soluklu ve anlamlı öğrenmeyi engelleyen problemlerden birini teşkil etmektedir. Bu probleme çözüm olarak, öğrencilerin sorumluluk almalarına yardımcı olmak, onların sahiplik duygularını geliştirmek ve öz-benlik ve öz-güvenlerini artırmak gibi etkinlikler tavsiye edilmektedir. Kısacası, öğrencilerin bağımsız öğrenciler olarak yetiştirilmesi gerekmektedir. 1970'lerden bu yana, birçok araştırmacı yabancı dil öğrenci bağımsızlığı konusunda çalışmalar yürüttüler. Bu konuyu etkileyen etkenlerin arasında başarı, yaş, kaygı, tutum, beyin profili, duygusal zeka, deneyim, cinsiyet, dil öğrenme stratejileri, öğrenilmiş çaresizlik, öğrenme stilleri, motivasyon, çoklu zeka alanları, anne-baba tutumları, performans değerlendirme, ailenin sosyo-ekonomik seviyesi ve öğrencilerin gerçekten İngilizceyi sevip sevmedikleri olduğu gözlenmektedir. Yabancı dil olarak İngilizce öğrenen Türk öğrencilerin bağımsızlığını etkileyen etkenleri belirlemek amacıyla, 116 adet 9. ve 10. sınıf öğrencisine bazı envanterler uygulandı. Tezin amacına uygun olarak elde edilen verileri incelemek için, Sosyal Bilimler için İstatistik paket programında bulunan bağımsız örneklem T-test, Tek Yönlü ANOVA ve korelasyon kullanıldı. Çalışmanın sonuçları, yukarıda bahsedilen değişkenlerin alt bölümlerinin çoğunun öğrenci bağımsızlığı ile korelasyon içinde olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu korelasyon bazen olumsuz bazen de olumlu yönde. Katılımcıların bağımsızlık algıları ile (i) kız katılımcılar yönünde cinsiyet ve (ii) İngilizceyi sevenler yönünde katılımcıların İngilizceyi gerçekten sevip sevmedikleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur.Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje No: EF2008D2

Genetic Diversity of Trichoderma harzianum Isolates in Sunflower Rhizosphere: The Application of the URP Molecular Marker

The genetic diversity of 77 Trichoderma harzianum isolates collected from sunflower rhizosphere soils in Urmia, Khoy, and Salmas in West Azerbaijan province, Iran, was evaluated by using the Universal Rice Primer (URP) molecular marker. The DNA band pattern of the isolates was developed using seven primers of this marker. These primers produced 186 gene loci, out of which 182 loci were polymorphic. Accordingly, the genetic diversity of the isolates was calculated, and their kinship relations were determined by cluster analysis using the NTSYS software package. URP-6R had the highest marker index among the studied primers, followed by URP-1F, URP-4R, and URP-25F, implying their higher efficiency in discriminating between the isolates. The results showed that the URP marker could discriminate between isolates using macroscopic morphological characteristics, such as color and colony type, potential of pigment production in the culture medium, and colony growth rate. Furthermore, there was no significant relationship between the geographical distribution of the isolates and the band patterns generated by the primers except for a few cases. The results generally revealed that the URP marker was an efficient tool for determining the genetic diversity of T. harzianum

Is the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Funneliformis mosseae a Suitable Agent to Control Criconematid Populations?

Several studies have shown the potential of using mycorrhizal fungi in increasing the plant yield by simultaneously reducing damages caused by pathogens. Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are among the most feared pathogens for crops. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Funneliformis mosseae as a mycorrhizal fungus on the population abundance of three world widespread species of nematodes from the family Criconematidae: Mesocriconema xenoplax, Mesocriconema antipolitanum, and Criconemides informis. Pure and highly abundant populations of each species were collected from Urmia city in Northwestern Iran, after the identification morphological and morphometric characteristics. The experiments were carried out in greenhouse conditions on three different rhizospheres of alfalfa, sugar beet, and wheat. After five months, the final population of nematodes and fungus, and the root surface on host plants inoculated and noninoculated with the fungus F. mosseae, were evaluated. The results showed that the population of nematodes was increased in the presence of the fungus. It could be assumed that the extension of the host surface level of roots by the fungus resulted in more feeding sites for nematode activity and, consequently, higher population densities. In this study, the fungus did not seem to play a suitable role in controlling ectoparasitic nematode growth. However, since there are still many open questions about mycorrhizal fungi’s role in agriculture, more research should be conducted

Genetic Diversity of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> Isolates in Sunflower Rhizosphere: The Application of the URP Molecular Marker

The genetic diversity of 77 Trichoderma harzianum isolates collected from sunflower rhizosphere soils in Urmia, Khoy, and Salmas in West Azerbaijan province, Iran, was evaluated by using the Universal Rice Primer (URP) molecular marker. The DNA band pattern of the isolates was developed using seven primers of this marker. These primers produced 186 gene loci, out of which 182 loci were polymorphic. Accordingly, the genetic diversity of the isolates was calculated, and their kinship relations were determined by cluster analysis using the NTSYS software package. URP-6R had the highest marker index among the studied primers, followed by URP-1F, URP-4R, and URP-25F, implying their higher efficiency in discriminating between the isolates. The results showed that the URP marker could discriminate between isolates using macroscopic morphological characteristics, such as color and colony type, potential of pigment production in the culture medium, and colony growth rate. Furthermore, there was no significant relationship between the geographical distribution of the isolates and the band patterns generated by the primers except for a few cases. The results generally revealed that the URP marker was an efficient tool for determining the genetic diversity of T. harzianum

Is the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus <i>Funneliformis mosseae</i> a Suitable Agent to Control Criconematid Populations?

Several studies have shown the potential of using mycorrhizal fungi in increasing the plant yield by simultaneously reducing damages caused by pathogens. Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are among the most feared pathogens for crops. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Funneliformis mosseae as a mycorrhizal fungus on the population abundance of three world widespread species of nematodes from the family Criconematidae: Mesocriconema xenoplax, Mesocriconema antipolitanum, and Criconemides informis. Pure and highly abundant populations of each species were collected from Urmia city in Northwestern Iran, after the identification morphological and morphometric characteristics. The experiments were carried out in greenhouse conditions on three different rhizospheres of alfalfa, sugar beet, and wheat. After five months, the final population of nematodes and fungus, and the root surface on host plants inoculated and non-inoculated with the fungus F. mosseae, were evaluated. The results showed that the population of nematodes was increased in the presence of the fungus. It could be assumed that the extension of the host surface level of roots by the fungus resulted in more feeding sites for nematode activity and, consequently, higher population densities. In this study, the fungus did not seem to play a suitable role in controlling ectoparasitic nematode growth. However, since there are still many open questions about mycorrhizal fungi’s role in agriculture, more research should be conducted

Biological Control of Three Fungal Diseases in Strawberry (<i>Fragaria × ananassa</i>) with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

Similar to many other plant-based products, strawberries are susceptible to fungal diseases caused by various pathogen groups. In recent years, efforts have been made to combat these diseases using biological control methods, particularly the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This study aimed to determine the effects of AMF (Funneliformis mosseae (Fm) and Gigaspora margarita (Gm)) on Rhizoctonia fragariae (Rf), Fusarium oxysporum (Fo), and Alternaria alternata (Aa), which are major pathogens for strawberry. The results showed that the effects of AMF on disease severity and plant growth varied depending on the pathogens involved. Rf caused the highest disease severity, followed by Fo and Aa, but all AMF treatments significantly reduced the disease severity compared to control treatments. The study also found that the specific AMF species and their combinations influenced plant growth responses under different pathogenic conditions. Different AMF treatments resulted in varying increases in plant fresh weight, dry weight, and length, depending on the pathogen. Moreover, the application of AMF led to increased levels of total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and phosphorus content in pathogen-infected plants compared to control treatments. Fm was more efficient than Gm in increasing these biochemical parameters. The levels of root colonization by AMF were similar among different AMF treatments, but the effects on fungal spore density varied depending on the pathogen. Some AMF treatments increased fungal spore density, while others did not show significant differences. In conclusion, our research sheds light on the differential effects of AMF species on disease severity, plant growth, and biochemical parameters in strawberry plants facing diverse pathogens. These findings underscore the potential benefits of AMF in disease management, as they reduce disease severity and bolster plant growth and defense mechanisms

Rock Phosphate Solubilizing Potential of Soil Microorganisms: Advances in Sustainable Crop Production

Phosphorus (P) is one of the most important elements required for crop production. The ideal soil pH for its absorption by plants is about 6.5, but in alkaline and acidic soils, most of the consumed P forms an insoluble complex with calcium, iron, and aluminum elements and its availability for absorption by the plant decreases. The supply of P needed by plants is mainly achieved through chemical fertilizers; however, in addition to the high price of these fertilizers, in the long run, their destructive effects will affect the soil and the environment. The use of cheap and abundant resources such as rock phosphate (RP) can be an alternative strategy for P chemical fertilizers, but the solubilization of P of this source has been a challenge for agricultural researchers. For this, physical and chemical treatments have been used, but the solution that has recently attracted the attention of the researchers is to use the potential of rhizobacteria to solubilize RP and supply P to plants by this method. These microorganisms, via. mechanisms such as proton secretion, organic and mineral acid production, siderophore production, etc., lead to the solubilization of RP, and by releasing its P, they improve the quantitative and qualitative performance of agricultural products. In this review, addressing the potential of rhizosphere microbes (with a focus on rhizobacteria) as an eco-friendly strategy for RP solubilization, along with physical and chemical solutions, has been attempted