705 research outputs found
A Ride In A Jitney For Mine
https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/6572/thumbnail.jp
The Girl That You\u27ve Forgotten : Has Not Forgotten You
https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/4204/thumbnail.jp
Resolving Conflict through Explicit Bargaining
This article analyzes the impact of conciliatory initiatives on conflict resolution in two-party bargaining. It specifically develops and tests a theory of unilateral initiatives derived from Osgood\u27s (1962) notion of Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction (GRIT). The major propositions of the theory indicate that, given a pattern of mutual resistance or hostility, unilateral initiatives and tit-for-tat retaliation in response to punitive action will produce more conciliation and less hostility by an opponent. To test the theory, a bargaining setting was created in a laboratory experiment in which parties exchanged offers and counteroffers on an issue across a number of rounds while also having the option to engage in punitive action against one another. The results indicated that (1) unilateral initiatives produced more concession making and less hostility than a reciprocity strategy, and (2) tit-for-tat retaliation heightened hostility initially but reduced it over time. The article suggests some general, abstract conditions under which two parties in conflict can produce conciliation and reach agreements without the intervention of third parties
Changing atmospheric Î^(14)C and the record of deep water paleoventilation ages
We propose a new calculation method to better estimate the deep water ventilation age from benthic-planktonic foraminifera ^(14)C ages. Our study is motivated by the fact that changes in atmospheric Î^(14)C through time can cause contemporary benthic and planktonic foraminifera to have different initial Î^(14)C values. This effect can cause spurious ventilation age changes to be interpreted from the geologic data. Using a new calculation method, ^(14)C projection ages, we recalculate the data from the Pacific Ocean. Contrary to previous results, we find that the Pacific intermediate and deep waters were about 600 years older than today at the last glacial maximum. In addition, there are possible signals of ventilation age change prior to ice sheet melting and at the Younger Dryas. However, the data are still too sparse to constrain these ventilation transients
A "Little Berlin Wall" for all: discursive contruction across scales
Seit 2013 haben russische Grenzsicherheitskräfte Grenzzäune
an verschiedenen Punkten entlang der Verwaltungsgrenze errichtet, die den de-facto-Staat SĂźdossetien vom Restgebiet von
Georgien trennt. Dieser Prozess der Grenzziehung hatte zum Ziel, etwas Realität werden zu lassen, was zuvor räumlich und
verwaltungsmäĂig Fiktion war, indem man die Trennung zwischen zwei Gemeinden territorial abgrenzen wollte. Der infrage stehende Grenzzaun wird inzwischen als âkleine Berliner Mauerâ bezeichnet, indem man einige unwesentliche Zaunabschnitte und Stacheldraht mit den imposanten Betonfestungen vergleicht, die während des HĂśhepunkts des Kalten Krieges dazu
dienten, Ost- und Westberlin zu trennen.
Dieser Artikel erĂśrtert den Nutzwert der Vorstellung einer diskursiven
Konstruktion, um uns zu ermĂśglichen, die Wirkung dieses vordergrĂźndig ungerechtfertigten Vergleichs zu untersuchen,
wie es dazu kam, dass ABL durch die regionale Geographie von Europa sowohl geformt als auch umstrukturiert werden
konnte. Die Verwendung des Begriffs einer âkleinen Berliner Mauerâ ist das Ergebnis sowohl der materiellen Abzäunung eines Teils des souveränen Staatsgebiets von Georgien, als auch der Rolle, die der Fall der Berliner Mauer im Verständnis von
Europa in der Zeit nach dem kalten Krieg gespielt hat. Ăhnlich werden dessen Auswirkungen in unterschiedlichen MaĂstäben
verspĂźrt. Das beginnt damit, wie diese Grenze als rechtswidrige Abtrennung des souveränen Staatsgebiets von Georgien verstanden wird, Ăźber deren laufenden Ausbau als AuĂengrenze von Europa, was bezeichnend fĂźr die geographische und zeitliche
Trennung des von Tiflis kontrollierten Georgiens von dem ist, was auf der anderen Seite dieser âillegalenâ Grenze liegt, bis
hin zur festen Eingliederung von Georgien in Europa.
Die bei dieser Verwendung der diskursiven Konstruktion sichtbaren Wirkungen auf die AuĂengrenze Europas weisen sowohl
auf die Bedeutung der Grenzprozesse hin, die an den Rändern einer regionalen geographischen Einheit stattfinden, als auch
auf die gleichzeitige Anwendung binärer Logik von Bewegung und Beständigkeit innerhalb der Grenzen Europas nach dem
kalten Krieg.Since 2013, Russian Border Security Forces have been constructing
border fences at various points along the Administrative
Boundary Line that separates the de facto state of South
Ossetia from the remainder of Georgian territory. This process
of âborderizationâ materializes what was formerly an administrative
fiction on the ground, seeking to territorially demarcate
the divide between the two communities. The fence in question
has come to be referred to as the âLittle Berlin Wallâ inherently
comparing some comparatively insubstantial stretches of fencing
and barbed wire with the imposing concrete fortifications
that served to divide East and West Berlin at the height of the
Cold War.
This article argues for the utility of the notion of a discursive
construction in analysing this border. The notion will be used to
clarify how this superficially unjustifiable comparison indicates
that the Administrative Boundary Line is both shaped by and
restructuring the regional geography of Europe. The invocation
of the Berlin Wall emphasizes that this material fencing
divides Georgia. The effects of its deployment are felt at various
scales, from how this boundary is seen as an illegitimate division
of sovereign Georgian territory, to its role in constructing
Europeâs outer edge. The geographical and temporal division
of Tbilisi-controlled Georgia from what lies on the other side
of the âillegalâ boundary works to incorporate Georgia firmly
within Europe.
This discursive construction at Europeâs outer edge also indicates
both the importance of border processes occurring at
the margins of a regional geographic entity and how the local,
national and wider regional scales are able to be tied together
within Europeâs post-Cold War borders
Cool tropical temperatures shift the global δ18O-T relationship: An explanation for the ice core δ18O- borehole thermometry conflict?
The discrepancy between central Greenland borehole temperatures and the isotopic composition of Last Glacial Maximum ice can be explained by a shift in the δ[superscript 18]O-T relationship for the hydrological cycle linked to cooler tropical temperatures. This concept is illustrated using a simple Rayleigh distillation model. An estimate for Îą=Îδ[superscript 18] O/ÎT (LGM-Holocene) of â0.37 â°/°C is determined with a simple graphical technique.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant OCE9402198)United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Grant NA46GP0282
The marine geochemistry of trace metals
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
April, 1976The marine geochemical cycles of iron, copper, nickel, and cadmium were studied in order to provide a basis for
oceanographic models for trace metals.
Copper, nickel, and cadmium can be determined in a 100 ml seawater sample using cobalt pyrrolidine dithioacarbamate chelate coprecipitation and graphite atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry. Concentration ranges likely to be encountered and estimated (1δ) analytical precisions are copper, 1 to 6 nanomole/kg (¹0.1); nickel, 3 to 12
nanomole/kg (Âą0.3); and cadmium, 0. 0 to 1.1 nanomole/kg (Âą0.1).
The technique may be applied to freshwater samples with
slight modification.
A survey of several east coast U. S. estuaries established
that an iron removal process occurs commonly when rivers mix
with seawater. Laboratory mixing experiments using water
from the Merrimack River (Mass.) and the Mullica River
(New Jersey) demonstrated that rapid iron precipitation
occurs as negatively-charged iron-organic colloids react
with seawater cations and coagulate. This phenomenom was
modeled using a synthetic, organic-stabilized colloidal
suspension of goethite. The generality of the mechanism
suggests that the world-average net river input of iron
to the oceans is less than 1 Îźmole/kg of river water, an
order of magnitude below previous estimates.
Profiles of cadmium were obtained for 3 GEOSECS stations
in the Pacific Ocean. Cadmium shows a consistent
linear correlation with phosphate which demonstrates that
cadmium is regenerated in a shallow cycle within the water
column. The water column correlation is consistent with data
on cadmium in marine organisms. Cadmium is enriched in upwelling
regions which explains reports of cadmium enrichment in plankton
from the Baja California upwelling region.
Copper and nickel measurements have been made for three
profiles from the Pacific Ocean. Observed copper concentrations
range from 1 to 6 nanomole/kg; nickel varies from 3 to 12
nanomole/kg. Copper and nickel are removed from surface
waters by uptake into organisms. As noted previously, nickel
is regenerated partially in a shallow cycle (like P) and also
in a deep cycle (like Ba). Copper is regenerated from
biological debris at the bottom but is also scavenged from
the mid and deep water column by an undetermined mechanism.
The scavenging residence time is 1400 years. An estimate
for the continental input of Ni, 7 nanomole/kg of river
water, and Cu, 18 nanomole/kg of river water, was derived
from measurements in the Amazon estuary. The oceanic
residence times for nickel and copper are about 10,000 years.
Evidence available on the uptake laws for trace metals
by plankton suggests that a consistent relationship between
the uptake law and the depth of regeneration may apply.Money
in support of this research came at various times from
the ONR, MIT UROP office, and a grant from the Doherty
Foundation
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