655 research outputs found
Mapping extragalactic dark matter structures through gamma-rays
If dark matter is composed of neutralinos, the gamma-ray radiation produced
in their annihilation offers an attractive possibility for dark matter
detection. This process may contribute significantly to the extragalactic
gamma-ray background (EGB) radiation, which is being measured by the FERMI
satellite with unprecedented sensitivity. Using the high-resolution
Millennium-II simulation of cosmic structure formation we have produced the
first full-sky maps of the expected contribution of dark matter annihilation to
the EGB radiation. Our maps include a proper normalization of the signal
according to a specific supersymmetric model based on minimal supergravity. The
new simulated maps allow a study of the angular power spectrum of the gamma-ray
background from dark matter annihilation, which has distinctive features
associated with the nature of the annihilation process. Our results are in
broad agreement with analytic models for the gamma-ray background, but they
also include higher-order correlations not readily accessible in analytic
calculations and, in addition, provide detailed spectral information for each
pixel. In particular, we find that color maps combining different energies can
reveal the cosmic large-scale structure at low and intermediate redshifts.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, 2009 Fermi Symposium, eConf Proceedings C09112
Dynamics of the Magellanic Clouds in a LCDM Universe
We examine Milky Way-Magellanic Cloud systems selected from the Millennium-II
Simulation in order to place the orbits of the Magellanic Clouds in a
cosmological context. Our analysis shows that satellites massive enough to be
LMC analogs are typically accreted at late times. Moreover, those that are
accreted at early times and survive to the present have orbital properties that
are discrepant with those observed for the LMC. The high velocity of the LMC,
coupled with the dearth of unbound orbits seen in the simulation, argues that
the mass of the MW's halo is unlikely to be less than 2 x 10^12 Msun. This
conclusion is further supported by statistics of halos hosting satellites with
masses, velocities, and separations comparable to those of the LMC. We further
show that: (1) LMC and SMC-mass objects are not particularly uncommon in
MW-mass halos; (2) the apparently high angular momentum of the LMC is not
cosmologically unusual; and (3) it is rare for a MW halo to host a LMC-SMC
binary system at z=0, but high speed binary pairs accreted at late times are
possible. Based on these results, we conclude that the LMC was accreted within
the past four Gyr and is currently making its first pericentric passage about
the MW.Comment: 14 pages, 13 figures; MNRAS, in press. Minor revisions, conclusions
unchange
Complexity and leadership in teacher professional development : the case of the National Centre for Excellence in the Teaching of Mathematics
There has been considerable interest in the teaching of mathematics over the last two decades, both internationally and in the UK. This has led to a number of government sponsored interventions in both curriculum and teacher professional development. The establishment of the National Centre for Excellence in the Teaching of Mathematics (NCETM) in 2006, arguably, represented a departure from previous policy and initiatives related to professional development for teachers of mathematics. This paper looks at what was distinctive about the NCETM approach (2006-2010) and the impact of its work, as well as exploring a number of theoretical issues that arise when describing these. The paper draws on data from a study of the impact of the NCETM that was informed by interview and case studies. Telephone interviews were conducted with 89 teachers and others with differing levels of involvement with the NCETM. In addition, 10 school-based case studies of different NCETM-supported activity were conducted.
This material was analysed using a CPD evaluation model (Coldwell and Simkins, 2011) and more generally in relation to literature on school and teacher change. In this paper, we explore ways in which theoretical tools drawn from complexity theory - complex adaptive systems and formal and informal systems - can be used to describe the nature and consequences of the NCETM's actions. Further, in understanding and assessing the impact of the NCETM intervention on subject leadership and teacher identity we suggest that parallels can be made with analyses of identity in social movements. Finally, we examine the concepts of dispersed and distributed leadership in relation to their applicability to the organic development of mathematics teacher leadership that the NCETM promotes.
The paper outlines both the type of outcomes of the NCETM's activity and the factors that supported these. Many of these are similar to those previously identified in relation to professional development that focuses on and supports school-based leadership and can be analysed in terms of theoretical concepts such as distributed and dispersed leadership. However, the NCETM's approach had some distinctive impacts and features that, we contend, are particular to the complex interrelationship of the different forms of NCETM activity
Justice in Times of Crisis
In the Wake of Terror: Medicine and Morality in a Time of Crisis. Edited by Jonathan D. Moreno. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 2003. Pp. 229.
In the United States, we are currently consumed by the threat of future terrorism. Our barometer of danger vacillates between different colored assessments of how likely it is that some catastrophic event is about to occur. Is this merely hype, or do we face an imminent threat? To some degree, the answer to that question is irrelevant. Guided by the precautionary principle, most would argue that the nation must prepare itself for the worst case scenario.
Most of the current literature on our response to terrorism examines policy initiatives that purportedly seek to protect the public good. These policy initiatives aim to strike the proper balance between achieving the directives of the general will and sufficiently protecting individual liberties. To date, most scholars and public thinkers have been primarily concerned with assessing the best way to strike this difficult balance.
As important as such works are, a crucial component of our national preparation against terrorism has not yet been adequately addressed: namely, the involvement of the medical community. The medical community must be viewed as an essential part of this effort since they are among the first responders in times of emergency. Yet, this has not been a particularly fruitful area of scholarship, perhaps because many assume that plans already in existence for natural disasters will be sufficient to address any incident of terrorism. Such logic is mistaken. Terrorist incidents and the preparation for such incidents constitute new challenges for the national health care system. For this reason, the threat of terrorism should prompt us to reconsider some of the ethical questions posed by health care delivery in times of crisis
Dynamical Friction and Galaxy Merging Timescales
The timescale for galaxies within merging dark matter halos to merge with
each other is an important ingredient in galaxy formation models. Accurate
estimates of merging timescales are required for predictions of astrophysical
quantities such as black hole binary merger rates, the build-up of stellar mass
in central galaxies, and the statistical properties of satellite galaxies
within dark matter halos. In this paper, we study the merging timescales of
extended dark matter halos using N-body simulations. We compare these results
to standard estimates based on the Chandrasekhar theory of dynamical friction.
We find that these standard predictions for merging timescales, which are often
used in semi-analytic galaxy formation models, are systematically shorter than
those found in simulations. The discrepancy is approximately a factor of 1.7
for and becomes larger for more disparate
satellite-to-host mass ratios, reaching a factor of for
. Based on our simulations, we propose a new, easily
implementable fitting formula that accurately predicts the timescale for an
extended satellite to sink from the virial radius of a host halo down to the
halo's center for a wide range of and orbits. Including a
central bulge in each galaxy changes the merging timescale by \la 10%. To
highlight one concrete application of our results, we show that merging
timescales often used in the literature overestimate the growth of stellar mass
by satellite accretion by , with the extra mass gained in low
mass ratio mergers.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures; MNRAS, in press. Minor revisions, including
results from additional simulations with baryonic components; conclusions
unchange
Red Mergers and the Assembly of Massive Elliptical Galaxies: the Fundamental Plane and its Projections
Several recent observations suggest that gas-poor (dissipationless) mergers
of elliptical galaxies contribute significantly to the build-up of the massive
end of the red sequence. We perform a series of major merger simulations to
investigate the spatial and velocity structure of the remnants of such mergers.
Regardless of orbital energy or angular momentum, we find that the stellar
remnants lie on the fundamental plane defined by their progenitors, a result of
virial equilibrium with a small tilt due to an increasing central dark matter
fraction. However, the locations of merger remnants in the projections of the
fundamental plane -- the Faber-Jackson and R_e-M_* relations -- depend strongly
on the merger orbit, and the relations steepen significantly from the canonical
scalings (L sigma^4 and R_e M_*^0.6) for mergers on radial orbits. Our results
imply that the projections of the fundamental plane -- but not necessarily the
plane itself -- provide a powerful way of investigating the assembly history of
massive elliptical galaxies, including the brightest cluster galaxies at or
near the centers of galaxy clusters. We argue that most massive ellipticals are
formed by anisotropic merging and that their fundamental plane projections
should thus differ noticeably from those of lower mass ellipticals even though
they should lie on the same fundamental plane. Current observations are
consistent with this conclusion. The steepening in the L-sigma relation for
luminous ellipticals may also be reflected in a corresponding steepening in the
M_BH-sigma relation for massive black holes.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRA
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