Additional file 1 of Effect of women’s fertility and sexual development on epigenetic clock: Mendelian randomization study

Additional file 1 Table S1. Mendelian randomization (MR) association estimates for exposures on outcomes. Table S2. Sensitive analysis. Table S3. Multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) association estimates of female traits and BMI, insomnia, FBG, hypertension across PhenoAge. Table S4. Multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) association estimates of female traits and BMI, insomnia, FBG, hypertension across GrimAge. Table S5. Multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) association estimates of female traits and BMI, insomnia, FBG, hypertension across HannumAge. Table S6. Multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) association estimates of female traits and BMI, insomnia, FBG, hypertension across HorvothAge. Table S7. Genetic instruments for AFS. Table S8. Genetic instruments for AFB. Table S9. Genetic instruments for AAM. Table S10. Genetic instruments for ANM. Table S11. Genetic instruments for NSP. Table S12. Genetic instruments for insomnia. Table S13. Genetic instruments for hypertension. Table S14. Genetic instruments for bmi. Table S15. Genetic instruments for fasting blood glucose. Table S16. Characteristics of the GWAS use in exposures and confounders

Field-Dependent Orientation and Free Energy of D₂O at an Electrode Surface Observed via SFG Spectroscopy

Polarization-selected vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy of D2O is used to obtain the orientation of the free OD bond at a monolayer graphene electrode. We modulate the interfacial field by varying the applied electrochemical potential, and we measure the resulting change in the orientation. A hyperpolarizability model is used for the orientational analysis, which assumes a quadratic free energy orienting potential in the absence of the field, whose minimum and curvature determine the average tilt angle and the Gaussian width of the orientational distribution. The average free OD tilt angle changes in an approximately linear fashion with the applied field, from 46° from normal at −0.9 V vs Ag/AgCl (E = −0.02 V/Å) to 32° at −3.9 V vs Ag/AgCl (E = −0.17 V/Å). Using this approach, we map the free energy profile for the molecular orientation of interfacial water by measuring the reversible response to an external perturbation, i.e., a torque applied by an electric field acting on the molecule’s permanent dipole moment. This allows us to extract the curvature of the free energy orienting potential of interfacial water, which is (4.0 ± 0.8) × 10–20 J/rad2 (or 0.25 ± 0.05 eV/rad2 )