A PNEUMATOLOGICAL THEOLOGY AND CHRISTOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY OF CHURCH CONFLICT FOR THE POST-PANDEMIC WESTERN CHURCH TO OUTLIVE, OUTLAST, AND OUTLOVE

Church conflict is increasingly at the forefront of denominations as they suffer internal and external conflict. The need to develop a better perspective and manage relationships in church conflict may depend on the church’s theology. The research of this project seeks to establish a pneumatological theology in dialogue with family systems theory and Christological philosophy of church conflict. The theology of church conflict is divided into four sections: reason, experience, history, and scripture. The Christological philosophy centers on Jesus’ conflicts as every passage in the book of Luke is examined through the lens of conflict. A contextually transferrable Spirit-empowered theology and Christological philosophy of church conflict may benefit those in the pastorate who often deal with congregational conflict and the perspective they carry while managing conflict. Pastors who had attended a seminar in which the theology and philosophy were taught were surveyed. An evaluation was made to assess if the theology and philosophy of church conflict help change the perspectives of church conflict in pastors as they experience conflict in their local congregations and ministries. The theology and philosophy of church conflict may help pastors outlive, outlast, and outlove in church conflict

Decision making and judgement in radiographic and sonographic practice : an investigation using decision analysis

This is a study into decision making and judgement in the context of radiography. The early part of the study investigated the nature and scope of decisions and judgements made in general radiography and sonography, while the later part focused on the decisions and judgements made by sonographers when breaking bad news to patients. The study is located in a broad interpretative framework, it used an adapted form of phenomenological methodology. A survey and an observational study were used to collect data. In-depth interviews were conducted which used decision analysis (a tool normally used as a decision aid) to elicit participants perceptions and experiences of decision making and judgement. Decision analysis was used in three different ways to collect data. The technique was found to be particularly useful in enabling participants to reflect on their intuitive processes and hence make them overt. The data collected during the observational phase of the study was used to formulate a classification of radiographic decision making and judgement. The study found that the predominant style of decision making and judgement in radiography is intuitive with some evidence of peer-aided decision making and judgement. There is little evidence that the participants use systems aided approaches. Participants found the process of decision analysis interesting but could not relate its use to their own professional practice other than as an educational or de-briefing tool. In sonography it was found that participants had an over-confidence in their diagnostic abilities which influenced their decision making. Sonographers were also found to produce information based on experience, when this information was absent from the decision making scenario provided. On the whole the participants in this study had given little thought to the process of decision making and judgement and the impact of factors such as base rates

Built-in Gain Discounts for Transfer Tax Valuation: A Resolution for the BIG Debate

This article considers whether and to what extent courts should permit a built-in gain discount. It begins by presenting the challenges of valuing assets for transfer tax purposes, discussing the general principles of transfer tax valuation, and highlighting the particular methodologies used to value closely-held entities. The article then examines how, during the era of the General Utilities doctrine, a prospective liquidation test, which considered the prospect and affect of liquidation, led courts to repeatedly disallow the built-in gain discount. However, since the repeal of the General Utilities doctrine, the prospective liquidation test has been discarded, at least in part, and courts have become receptive to allowing the discount. The article considers the current debate, which the Supreme Court has declined to resolve, and analyzes the holdings in three prominent court of appeals cases, the Tax Court opinions these cases overruled, and the parties\u27 underlying arguments. The article demonstrates that the decisions in Estate of Dunn and Estate of Jelke relied on a problematic assumption-namely, that the corporation being valued is deemed liquidated on the valuation date. The article exposes that this assumption may lead to inaccurate outcomes in future cases. To avoid such results, the article proposes a modified liquidation test, which would yield a more accurate calculation of the built-in gain discount

Primaquine-Induced Hemolytic Anemia: Hemotoxicity of 5-Hydroxyprimaquine (5-HPQ)

Primaquine is an important antimalarial agent because of its activity against exoerythrocytic forms of Plasmodium sp. Methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia, however, are dose-limiting side effects of primaquine therapy. These hemotoxic effects are believed to be mediated by metabolites, though the identity of the toxic specie(s) and the mechanism underlying hemotoxicity have remained unclear. Previous studies showed that an N-hydroxylated metabolite of primaquine, 6-methoxy-8- hydroxylaminoquinoline, was capable of mediating primaquine-induced hemotoxicity. The present studies were undertaken to investigate the hemolytic mechanism of 5-hydroxyprimaquine (5-HPQ), a phenolic metabolite that has been detected in experimental animals. 5-HPQ was synthesized, isolated by flash chromatography and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. In vitro exposure of 51Cr-Iabeled erythrocytes to 5-HPQ induced a concentration-dependent decrease in erythrocyte survival (TC50 ~40 µM) when the exposed cells were returned to the circulation of isologous rats. 5-HPQ also induced methemoglobin formation and depletion of glutathione (GSH) when incubated with suspensions of rat erythrocytes. Furthermore, when red cell GSH was depleted (\u3e95%) by titration with diethyl maleate to mimic GSH instability in human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, a 5-fold enhancement of hemolytic activity was observed. These data indicate that 5-HPQ also has the requisite properties to contribute to the hemotoxicity of primaquine. To investigate the fate of erythrocytes in vivo after in vitro exposure to 5-HPQ, rat 51Cr-Iabeled erythrocytes were incubated with hemolytic concentrations of 5-HPQ and then re-administered intravenously to rats. The time-course of loss of radioactivity from blood and uptake into the spleen and liver was measured. In rats given 5-HPQ-treated erythrocytes, an increased rate of removal of radioactivity from the circulation was observed as compared to the vehicle control. The loss of blood radioactivity was accompanied by a corresponding increase in radioactivity appearing in the spleen but not in the liver. When rats were pretreated with clodronate-Ioaded liposomes to deplete splenic macrophages, there was a decreased rate of removal of radioactivity from the circulation and a markedly diminished uptake into the spleen. A role for phagocytic removal of 5-HPQ-treated red cells was confirmed in vitro using the J774A.1 macrophage cell line. Furthermore, depletion of red cell GSH with diethyl maleate significantly enhanced in vitro phagocytosis of 5-HPQ-treated red cells. These data indicate that splenic macrophages are responsible for removing 5-HPQ-treated red cells and support a role for depletion of GSH as a key event in the process leading to macrophage recognition and phagocytosis of 5-HPQ-damaged erythrocytes. To investigate the mechanism underlying the hemolytic activity of 5-HPQ, we have examined the effect of hemolytic concentrations of 5-HPQ on ROS formation within rat erythrocytes using the cellular ROS probe, 2\u27,7\u27-dichlorodihydrofluoresein diacetate (DCFDA). In addition, we examined the effect of 5-HPQ on membrane lipids and cytoskeletal proteins. The data indicate that 5-HPQ causes a prolonged, concentration dependent generation of ROS within erythrocytes. Interestingly, 5-HPQ-generated ROS was not associated with the onset of lipid peroxidation or an alteration in phosphatidylserine asymmetry. Instead, 5-HPQ induced oxidative injury to the erythrocyte cytoskeleton, as evidenced by changes in the normal electrophoretic pattern of membrane ghost proteins. Immunoblotting with an anti-hemoglobin antibody revealed that these changes were due primarily to the formation of disulfide-linked hemoglobin-skeletal protein adducts. These data suggest that cytoskeletal protein damage, rather than membrane lipid peroxidation or loss of phosphatidylserine asymmetry, underlies the process of removal of erythrocytes exposed to 5-HPQ. Cummulatively, the data presented in this dissertation describe a mechanism by which exposure to 5-hydroxyprimaquine leads to the hemolytic removal of red cells; i.e. the generation of intracellular oxidative stress causes protein oxidation and hemoglobin binding to the membrane and subsequent phagocytosis by macrophages. A relationship between drug-induced hemolytic anemia and mechanisms of red cell senescence is discussed, as are possible implications for the antimalarial therapeutic effect of primaquine. The relative contribution of N-hydroxy vs. phenolic metabolites to the overall hemotoxicity of primaquine remains to be assessed

Interactive Teaching Tools for Spatial Sampling

The statistical analysis of data which is measured over a spatial region is well established as a scientific tool which makes considerable contributions to a wide variety of application areas. Further development of these tools also remains a central part of the research scene in statistics. However, understanding of the concepts involved often benefits from an intuitive and experimental approach, as well as a formal description of models and methods. This paper describes software which is intended to assist in this understanding. The role of simulation is advocated, in order to explain the meaning of spatial correlation and to interpret the parameters involved in standard models. Realistic scenarios where decisions on the locations of sampling points in a spatial setting are required are also described. Students are provided with a variety of sampling strategies and invited to select the most appropriate one in two different settings. One involves water sampling in the lagoon of the Mururoa Atoll while the other involves sea bed sampling in a Scottish firth. Once a student has decided on a sampling strategy, simulated data are provided for further analysis. This extends the range of teaching activity from the analysis of data collected by others to involvement in data collection and the need to grapple with issues of design. It is argued that this approach has significant benefits in learning.

Survival Analysis of Total Therapy 3 in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma

Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy that accounts for approximately 1% of all adult cancers. This study investigated the impact of patient distance traveled to MM care sites, which was not considered in previous research on any disease-specific staging or prognostic schema despite evidence suggesting that distance impacts patient outcome. This study investigated the impact of patient distance from the site of care on survival outcomes using a group of 480 clinical trial participants. Andersen\u27s behavioral model of health services use functioned as the theoretical model for this study. The independent variable was patient travel distance, controlling for established measures of risk, including ISS Stage and Gene Expression Profiling based risk stratification. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze time to progression and/or death outcome. Analysis revealed that patients who lived-?¥ 121 miles. When controlling for ISS Stage and GEP risk, participants who lived-?¥ 121 miles. Participants aged -?¥ 65 years who lived-?¥ 121 miles. Statistically significant results (p