Effect of the Volute on Performance of a Centrifugal-Pump Impeller

An experimental study of volute influence on radial flow-impeller performance was conducted by operating a single impeller with three different sets of volute vanes. In each case, over-all performance was measured and an internal-flow study within the volute was made. The results show that at their respective design flow rates the influence of the volutes is least and the deviation of performance from the free-impeller operation is small. At off-design flow rates there are major changes in the impeller performance resulting from the presence of the volutes. Large real fluid effects, coupled with a nonuniform velocity pattern at the impeller exit, result in a flow through the volute that does not resemble a potential flow. Even so, the fluid losses through the volute are comparatively small

An Experimental Study of Centrifugal Pump Impellers

This report summarizes about three years of experimental work on centrifugal pump impellers by the hydraulic machinery group of the Hydrodynamics Laboratory. Some of the work discussed herein has already been reported as individual investigations by this project. This report embodies these earlier results together with more complete and recent investigations of centrifugal pump impellers

An Experimental Study of Centrifugal-Pump Impellers

Experimental investigations were made on four two-dimensional impellers and on a well-designed commercial three-dimensional Francis impeller. The over-all performance of each of these impellers was measured and internal-energy loss and pressure-distribution data were also obtained for several impellers. The exit angle of the two-dimensional impellers was fixed and the inlet angle was systematically varied. However, the hydraulic characteristics of these impellers were all found to differ, the source of the variation being in the various loss distributions and hence internal flow patterns in the impellers. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional impeller-loss distributions were also different. The Francis-impeller performance agreed better with potential theory than that of the two-dimensional impellers, and it is included that the different loss distributions of the two types are responsible

An influence of extreme southern hemisphere cold surges on the North Atlantic Subtropical High through a shallow atmospheric circulation

ABSTRACT: Previous studies have attributed interhemisphere influences of the atmosphere to the latitudinal propagation of planetary waves crossing the equator, to the triggering of equatorial Kelvin waves, or to monsoonal circulation. Over the American-Atlantic sector, such cross-equatorial influences rarely occur during boreal summer due to unfavorable atmospheric conditions. We have observed that an alternative mechanism provides an interhemisphere influence. When episodes of extreme cold surges and upper tropospheric westerly winds occur concurrently over southern hemisphere Amazonia, cold surges from extratropical South America can penetrate deep into southern Amazonia. Although they do not appear to influence upper tropospheric circulation of the northern hemisphere, extremely strong southerly cross-equatorial advection (>2σ standard deviations, or 2) of cold and dense air in the lower troposphere can reach as least 10°N. Such cold advection increases the northward cross-equatorial pressure gradient in the lower to middle troposphere, thus shallow northerly return flow below 500 hPa. This return flow and the strong lower tropospheric southerly cross-equatorial flow form an anomalous shallow meridional circulation spanning from southern Amazonia to the subtropical North Atlantic, with increased geopotential height anomalies exceeding +1σ to at least 18°N. It projects onto the southern edge of the North Atlantic Subtropical High (NASH), increasing its pressure and leading to equatorward expansion of NASH’s southern boundary. These anomalies enhance the NASH, leading to its equatorward expansion. These extreme cold surges can potentially improving the predictability of weather patterns of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, including the variability of the NASH’s southern edge

Relations at Three Early Stages of Marriage as Reflected by the Use of Personal Pronouns

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71573/1/j.1545-5300.1970.00069.x.pd

Electronic structure, phase stability and chemical bonding in Th2_2Al and Th2_2AlH4_4

We present the results of theoretical investigation on the electronic structure, bonding nature and ground state properties of Th$_2$Al and Th$_2$AlH$_4$ using generalized-gradient-corrected first-principles full-potential density-functional calculations. Th$_2$AlH$_4$ has been reported to violate the "2 \AA rule" of H-H separation in hydrides. From our total energy as well as force-minimization calculations, we found a shortest H-H separation of 1.95 {\AA} in accordance with recent high resolution powder neutron diffraction experiments. When the Th$_2$Al matrix is hydrogenated, the volume expansion is highly anisotropic, which is quite opposite to other hydrides having the same crystal structure. The bonding nature of these materials are analyzed from the density of states, crystal-orbital Hamiltonian population and valence-charge-density analyses. Our calculation predicts different nature of bonding for the H atoms along $a$ and $c$. The strongest bonding in Th$_2$AlH$_4$ is between Th and H along $c$ which form dumb-bell shaped H-Th-H subunits. Due to this strong covalent interaction there is very small amount of electrons present between H atoms along $c$ which makes repulsive interaction between the H atoms smaller and this is the precise reason why the 2 {\AA} rule is violated. The large difference in the interatomic distances between the interstitial region where one can accommodate H in the $ac$ and $ab$ planes along with the strong covalent interaction between Th and H are the main reasons for highly anisotropic volume expansion on hydrogenation of Th$_2$Al.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figure