Mechanical behavior of entangled fibers and entangled cross-linked fibers during compression

Entangled fibrous materials have been manufactured from different fibers: metallic fibers, glass fibers, and carbon fibers. Specimens have been produced with and without cross links between fibers. Cross-links have been achieved using epoxy spraying. The scope of this article is to analyze the mechanical behavior of these materials and to compare it with available models. The first part of this article deals with entangled fibrous materials without crosslink between fibers. Compression tests are detailed and test reproducibility is checked. In the second part, compression tests were performed on materials manufactured with cross-linked fibers. The specific mechanical behavior obtained is discussed

Fabrication and mechanical testing of glass fiber entangled sandwich beams: A comparison with honeycomb and foam sandwich beams

The aim of this paper is the fabrication and mechanical testing of entangled sandwich beam specimens and the comparison of their results with standard sandwich specimens with honeycomb and foam as core materials. The entangled sandwich specimens have glass fiber cores and glass woven fabric as skin materials. The tested glass fiber entangled sandwich beams possess low compressive and shear modulus as compared to honeycomb and foam sandwich beams of the same specifications. Although the entangled sandwich beams are heavier than the honeycomb and foam sandwich beams, the vibration tests show that the entangled sandwich beams possess higher damping ratios and low vibratory levels as compared to honeycomb and foam sandwich beams, making them suitable for vibro-acoustic applications where structural strength is of secondary importance e.g., internal paneling of a helicopter

Monitoring the effects of impact damages on modal parameters in carbon fiber entangled sandwich beams

The aim is to study the impact toughness of two types of entangled sandwich materials (heavy and light) with the help of vibration testing. A simple case of symmetrical impacts is studied in this article as no literature is available regarding impact tests on entangled sandwich materials. The variation of modal parameters with two levels of damage (BVID and Damage not apparent on the surface) is studied. Vibration test results show that the light entangled specimens possessing good damping capabilities seem more sensitive to impact damage than the heavy ones. Furthermore, damping is found to be more sensitive to damage than the stiffness variations, so it is reasonable to assume that damping may be used instead of natural frequency as a damage indicator tool for structural health monitoring purposes

Entangled cross-linked fibres for an application as core material for sandwich structures - Part I: Experimental investigation

Entangled cross-linked fibres were studied for an application as core material for sandwich structures. Specimens were produced from carbon, aramid and glass fibres, and cross-links were achieved using epoxy spraying. It was observed that this type of entangled cross-linked fibres could be fabricated without any major technical difficulties. The scope of this paper is to study the effect of some different parameters on the mechanical properties of these materials. Different effects were investigated: effect of fibres length, of fibres nature, of mixing fibres, of carbon skins and of the resin. The first part of this paper deals with the production of these entangled cross-linked fibres. The compression, tension and three point bending tests are detailed in the second part and the results are compared with usual core material currently used in industries

Entangled cross-linked fibres for an application as core material for sandwich structures - Part II: Analytical model

Entangled cross-linked carbon, aramid and glass fibres were recently produced by epoxy spraying for an application as core material for sandwich panel. The Young’s moduli in compression and tension have been previously measured and briefly summarized in this paper. To optimize the core structure, modelling of these properties has been achieved in the present paper. The cross-link fibres have a random orientation and the stiffness of the epoxy joint is modelled by a torsion spring. A parallel model is chosen for homogenisation. It was found that the experimentally estimated stiffness of these materials fits fairly well with the modelled ones

Static and dynamic testing of glass fiber entangled sandwich beams: a comparison with honeycomb and foam sandwich beams

The aim of this study is the fabrication and mechanical testing of entangled sandwich beam specimens and the comparison of their results with standard sandwich specimens with honeycomb and foam as core materials. The entangled sandwich specimens have glass fiber as core and glass woven fabric as skin materials. The tested glass fiber entangled sandwich beams possess low compressive and shear modulus as compared to honeycomb and foam sandwich beams of the same specifications. The vibration tests show that the entangled sandwich beams possess higher damping ratios and low vibratory levels as compared to honeycomb and foam sandwich beams, making them suitable for vibro-acoustic applications where structural strength is of secondary importance

Layer growth mechanisms on metallic electrodes under anodic polarization in cryolite-alumina melt

The anodic behavior of Fe, Ni, Co electrodes was investigated in a cryolite-alumina melt at 960 °C, by electrochemical techniques, microstructural characterizations and thermodynamic calculations, to provide a fundamental understanding of layers formation at metal (M) electrode surface. At low overpotential, anodic dissolution of M occurs; when the Mn+ concentration at the surface reaches saturation, a MxAl3-xO4 spinel phase precipitates. Then, a dense MyO layer grows at the metal/spinel interface. As for Fe, polarization at higher overpotentials lead to the same layers of spinel and monoxide, but pores at the metal/FeyO interface cause loss of adhesion of the oxide film

Modélisation du comportement mécanique de fibres de carbones enchevêtrées et réticulées

Une série de matériaux ont été élaborés à partir de fibres de carbones enchevêtrées dont les contacts sont pontés par la résine époxy. Ils présentent un intérêt en tant que matériau d'âme pour structure sandwich Le comportement mécanique en traction en compression et en flexion est étudié. Un nouveau modèle est proposé qui repose à la fois sur les observations du comportement mécanique des fibres à l'échelle microscopique et sur une homogénéisation liée à l'orientation aléatoires des fibres. Les effets des différents paramètres sont étudiés : raideur des jonctions, distance entre jonction