Une épreuve opératoire africaine : Le Banagolo et ses rapports avec les tests opératoires formels

A logical african test: the banangolo and its relations to logical formal tests - The « Banangolo » is a symbolic outline executed by the forefinger and the middle finger in some African countries. Its purpose is diagnostic. But it also has an anatomic and cosmic meaning. It mainly appears related to sensori-motor activities. Facts show that as with Malian and Aquitaine children the mastery of this outline is not fully achieved until they are eleven- twelve years old. But, after abstracting temporal and spatial meanings, it is possible to represent the sensori-motor processes which allow the outline by an expression of propositional logic : non exclusive disjunction. So, the Banangolo could be used as a psychotechnical test of development. Comparisons made with some tests of propositional logic figuring in Longeot 's tests seem to bring positive arguments to this use.Le Banangolo est un tracé symbolique effectué avec l'index et le majeur, dans certains pays d'Afrique. Sa visée est diagnostique. Il a aussi une dimension anatomique et cosmique. Il peut apparaître comme relevant principalement de l'activité sensori-motrice. Les faits montrent que sa maîtrise, aussi bien chez les enfants maliens que aquitains, n'est pas atteinte avant 11-12 ans. Or, après abstraction du temps et de l'espace, il est possible de représenter les opérations sensori-motrices qui assurent le tracé par une expression de la logique des propositions : la disjonction non exclusive. Le Banangolo pourrait donc être utilisé comme épreuve psychotechnique de développement. Les comparaisons faites avec certaines épreuves de la logique des propositions figurant dans les tests de Longeot semblent apporter des arguments positifs à la possibilité de cette utilisation.Guindo Bouréima, Wittwer Jean. Une épreuve opératoire africaine : Le Banagolo et ses rapports avec les tests opératoires formels. In: Enfance, tome 35, n°3, 1982. pp. 109-127

Table_2_Shifts in the clinical epidemiology of severe malaria after scaling up control strategies in Mali.pdf

A decrease in malaria incidence following implementation of control strategies such as use of artemisinin-based combination therapies, insecticide-impregnated nets, intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy and seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) has been observed in many parts of Africa. We hypothesized that changes in malaria incidence is accompanied by a change in the predominant clinical phenotypes of severe malaria. To test our hypothesis, we used data from a severe malaria case-control study that lasted from 2014–2019 to describe clinical phenotypes of severe forms experienced by participants enrolled in Bandiagara, Bamako, and Sikasso, in Mali. We also analyzed data from hospital records of inpatient children at a national referral hospital in Bamako. Among 97 cases of severe malaria in the case-control study, there was a predominance of severe malarial anemia (49.1%). The frequency of cerebral malaria was 35.4, and 16.5% of cases had a mixed clinical phenotype (concurrent cerebral malaria and severe anemia). National referral hospital record data in 2013–15 showed 24.3% of cases had severe malarial anemia compared to 51.7% with cerebral malaria. In the years after SMC scale-up, severe malarial anemia cases increased to 30.1%, (P = 0.019), whereas cerebral malaria cases decreased to 45.5% (P = 0.025). In addition, the predominant age group for each severe malaria phenotype was the 0–1-year-olds. The decrease in malaria incidence noted with the implementation of control strategies may be associated with a change in the clinical expression patterns of severe malaria, including a potential shift in severe malaria burden to age groups not receiving seasonal malaria chemoprevention.</p

Image_2_Shifts in the clinical epidemiology of severe malaria after scaling up control strategies in Mali.pdf

A decrease in malaria incidence following implementation of control strategies such as use of artemisinin-based combination therapies, insecticide-impregnated nets, intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy and seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) has been observed in many parts of Africa. We hypothesized that changes in malaria incidence is accompanied by a change in the predominant clinical phenotypes of severe malaria. To test our hypothesis, we used data from a severe malaria case-control study that lasted from 2014–2019 to describe clinical phenotypes of severe forms experienced by participants enrolled in Bandiagara, Bamako, and Sikasso, in Mali. We also analyzed data from hospital records of inpatient children at a national referral hospital in Bamako. Among 97 cases of severe malaria in the case-control study, there was a predominance of severe malarial anemia (49.1%). The frequency of cerebral malaria was 35.4, and 16.5% of cases had a mixed clinical phenotype (concurrent cerebral malaria and severe anemia). National referral hospital record data in 2013–15 showed 24.3% of cases had severe malarial anemia compared to 51.7% with cerebral malaria. In the years after SMC scale-up, severe malarial anemia cases increased to 30.1%, (P = 0.019), whereas cerebral malaria cases decreased to 45.5% (P = 0.025). In addition, the predominant age group for each severe malaria phenotype was the 0–1-year-olds. The decrease in malaria incidence noted with the implementation of control strategies may be associated with a change in the clinical expression patterns of severe malaria, including a potential shift in severe malaria burden to age groups not receiving seasonal malaria chemoprevention.</p