Heterogeneity of Persistence of Salmonella enterica Serotype Senftenberg Strains Could Explain the Emergence of this Serotype in Poultry Flocks

Salmonella enterica serotype Senftenberg (S. Senftenberg) has recently become more frequent in poultry flocks. Moreover some strains have been implicated in severe clinical cases. To explain the causes of this emergence in farm animals, 134 S. Senftenberg isolates from hatcheries, poultry farms and human clinical cases were analyzed. Persistent and non-persistent strains were identified in chicks. The non-persistent strains disappeared from ceca a few weeks post inoculation. This lack of persistence could be related to the disappearance of this serotype from poultry farms in the past. In contrast, persistent S. Senftenberg strains induced an intestinal asymptomatic carrier state in chicks similar to S. Enteritidis, but a weaker systemic infection than S. Enteritidis in chicks and mice. An in vitro analysis showed that the low infectivity of S. Senftenberg is in part related to its low capacity to invade enterocytes and thus to translocate the intestinal barrier. The higher capacity of persistent than non-persistent strains to colonize and persist in the ceca of chickens could explain the increased persistence of S. Senftenberg in poultry flocks. This trait might thus present a human health risk as these bacteria could be present in animals before slaughter and during food processing

Analysis of salmonella Senftenberg emergence in poultry production

En production avicole, S. Senftenberg connue pour être souvent associée au couvoir, est devenue très fréquente dans les élevages de volaille. L’objectif de la thèse est donc de comprendre les causes de cette persistance. Les résultats présentés suggèrent que l’existence de souches persistantes au sein du sérovar Senftenberg peut être à l’origine de l’augmentation de sa prévalence dans les élevages. Nous avons en effet identifié des souches présentant des phénotypes distincts en termes de persistance dans les caeca de poulets. Les souches persistantes ont la capacité d’induire un portage intestinal similaire à S. Enteritidis.Toutefois, les résultats in vivo ont montré qu’à la différence de S. Enteritidis, les souches de S.Senftenberg sont incapables d’induire une forte infection systémique chez le poulet et la souris,probablement due à leur faible capacité à résister aux cellules immunitaires. La comparaison entre les souches persistantes et non-persistantes n’a montré aucune différence de survie dans le contenu et le mucus caecal. Cependant, les souches persistantes ont une meilleure capacité à coloniser et persister dans les tissus d’animaux ce qui pourrait être une explication possible à l’augmentation de leur persistance. Ce caractère pourrait donc présenter un risque pour la santé humaine étant donné que ces bactéries peuvent être présentes chez les animaux avant l'abattage et la transformation des aliments.In poultry production, S. Senftenberg was associated to the hatchery, but has recently become morefrequent in poultry farms. The aim of our study is to explain the increased persistence of this serovar. Our findings suggest that the existence of persistent strains within the serovar Senftenberg could explain its recent emergence in poultry flocks. We identified strains showing different persistence phenotypes inchicken caeca. The persistent strains are able to induce an intestinal asymptomatic carrier state in chicks similar to S. Enteritidis. However, the in vivo analysis showed that S. Senftenberg strains, contrary to S.Enteritidis are unable to induce a strong systemic infection in infected mice and chickens which could be in part related to their low capacity to resist to immune cells. The comparison between persistent and nonpersistents trains showed no difference in their ability to grow in the caecal content and mucus. However,persistent strains are more able to colonize and persist in chickens and mice tissues, which could be a possible explanation for their increased persistence. This trait might thus present a human health risk as these bacteria could be present in animals before slaughter and during food processing

Analyse de l'émergence de <em>Salmonella</em> Senftenberg dans les productions avicoles

En production avicole, S. Senftenberg connue pour être souvent associée au couvoir, est devenue très fréquente dans les élevages de volaille. L'objectif de la thèse est donc de comprendre les causes de cette persistance. Les résultats présentés suggèrent que l'existence de souches persistantes au sein du serovar Senftenberg peut être à l'origine de l'augmentation de sa prévalence dans les élevages. Nous avons en effet identifié des souches présentant des phénotypes distincts en termes de persistance dans les caeca de poulets. Les souches persistantes ont la capacité d'induire un portage intestinal similaire à S. Enteritidis. Toutefois, les résultats in vivo ont montre qu’à la différence de S. Enteritidis, les souches de S. Senftenberg sont incapables d'induire une forte infection systémique chez le poulet et la souris, probablement due a leur faible capacité a résister aux cellules immunitaires. La comparaison entre les souches persistantes et non-persistantes n'a montre aucune différence de survie dans le contenu et le mucus caecal. Cependant, les souches persistantes ont une meilleure capacité a coloniser et persister dans les tissus d'animaux ce qui pourrait être une explication possible a l'augmentation de leur persistance. Ce caractère pourrait donc présenter un risque pour la sante humaine étant donné que ces bactéries peuvent être présentes chez les animaux avant l'abattage et la transformation des aliments

Multiple invasion mechanisms and different intracellular Behaviors: a new vision of Salmonella-host cell interaction

International audienceSalmonella is a facultative intracellular bacterium found within a variety of phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells in vitro and in vivo. For decades, it has been accepted that Salmonella can enter cells only through a Trigger mechanism mediated by a type three secretion system, called T3SS-1. However, recent researches have shown that this bacterium can use other invasion pathways mediating either Trigger or Zipper entry processes. Following eukaryotic cell invasion, Salmonella has to ensure its survival and proliferation within host cells. To do so, this bacterium resides either within a membrane-bound vacuole or freely within host cell cytosol. It is not clear why Salmonella has developed these alternate mechanisms for cell invasion and proliferation, but this provides a new insight into the mechanisms leading to Salmonella-induced diseases. Thus, the aim of this review is to show the evolution of Salmonella-host cell interaction paradigms by summarizing the different strategies used by Salmonella serotypes to invade and proliferate into eukaryotic cells

Salmonella enterica

Chapitre 16Salmonella enteric

Sélection et caractérisation d'ARN ligands de la protéine NS1 des virus influenza A

National audienc

Etude de la persistance de Salmonella senftenberg dans les productions avicoles

National audienc

Susceptibility of Moroccan sheep and goat breeds to peste des petits ruminants virus

Abstract Background Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of small ruminants in Asia and Africa. In 2008, a PPR outbreak was reported for the first time in Morocco and a mass vaccination campaign allowed control of the disease. In this study, the susceptibility of four Moroccan local breeds of small ruminants to PPR virus was investigated by experimental infections. The objective was to make recommendations for improved epidemiological surveillance in Morocco by evaluating the susceptibility of the dominant Moroccan small ruminant breeds. Three parameters were studied: hyperthermia, clinical scoring and virus excretion. The outcome was compared to Alpine goats, which are considered one of the most sensitive breeds. Results The study showed that the local goat breed was the most sensitive breed with a susceptibility rate of 67%, followed by Timahdit, Beni Guil and Sardi sheep with 48, 29 and 26%, respectively. Serological testing including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and viral neutralization showed that the Timahdit breed developed a stronger antibody response compared to the other breeds. Although the clinical signs observed in the sheep were mild, evidence of viral excretion was detected by means of a polymerase chain reaction assay. Conclusions It is recommended that effective surveillance should focus on susceptible breeds complemented with serological surveillance of the sheep population

Development and Evaluation of a Combined Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) Live Vaccine

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) is the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease of cattle caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). LSD and CBPP are both transboundary diseases spreading in the same areas of Africa and Asia. A combination vaccine to control CBPP and LSD offers significant value to small-scale livestock keepers as a single administration. Access to a bivalent vaccine may improve vaccination rates for both pathogens. In the present study, we evaluated the LSDV/CBPP live combined vaccine by testing the generation of virus neutralizing antibodies, immunogenicity, and safety on target species. In-vitro assessment of the Mycoplasma effect on LSDV growth in cell culture was evaluated by infectious virus titration and qPCR during 3 serial passages, whereas in-vivo interference was assessed through the antibody response to vaccination. This combined Mmm/LSDV vaccine could be used to protect cattle against both diseases with a single vaccination in the endemic countries. There were no adverse reactions detected in this study and inoculated cattle produced high levels of specific antibodies starting from day 7 post-vaccination, suggesting that this combination vaccine is both safe and effective