Optimisation des performances de membranes polymériques spiralées pour la séparation des caséines du lait par microfiltration

La microfiltration (MF) du lait écrémé permet de séparer les caséines (CN) des protéines sériques (PS) pour la production d’ingrédients laitiers. Réalisée majoritairement à l’aide de membranes céramiques à gradient de perméabilité (MCGP), peu d’études s’intéressent à l’utilisation de membranes polymériques spiralées (MPS). Ainsi, ce projet avait pour objectifs de caractériser les performances hydrauliques et séparatives de MPS et de quantifier leur encrassement et consommation énergétique. La MF a été réalisée à 50°C en recirculation totale avec des MPS de diamètre de pores (DP) de 0,1 et 0,2 μm. Il a été démontré que bien que les flux de perméation soient similaires, des pertes en CN sont observées dans le perméat avec la MPS 0,2 μm. Ainsi, la MPS 0,1 μm a été sélectionnée pour des essais de concentration-diafiltration jusqu’à un facteur de concentration de 3.0X afin de comparer les résultats à ceux d’une MCGP. Il a été démontré que la MPS 0,1 µm générait des flux de perméation 3,5 fois inférieurs que la MCGP, mais permettait de retenir davantage de PS tout en étant 5 fois moins énergivore. Suite à ces résultats, les performances de la MPS 0,1 µm ont été comparées à celles d’une membrane d’ultrafiltration (UF) au seuil de coupure de 10 kDa. Il a été démontré que les flux de perméation de la MPS 0,1 μm étaient supérieurs à ceux de la membrane d’UF et que la rétention des protéines totales est relativement similaire. Par conséquent, l’utilisation de la MPS 0,1 µm s’avère intéressante pour la concentration des CN, tout en permettant une sélectivité similaire des protéines et des performances hydrauliques supérieures par rapport à la membrane d’UF (10 kDa). Ces résultats permettent aux industriels d’effectuer un choix technologique en MF entre les MPS et les MCGP, mais ouvre également la possibilité de substituer l’UF 10 kDa par la MF 0,1 µm pour la préparation de concentrés protéiques pour la fromagerie.Microfiltration (MF) of skim milk makes it possible to separate the caseins (CN) from the serum proteins (SP) for the production of dairy ingredients. Generally performed with graded-permeability membranes (CGP), few studies have focused on the use of polymeric spiral-wound (PSW) membranes. The objective of this project was to characterize the hydraulic and separative performances of PSW and to quantify their fouling and energy consumption. The MF was carried out at 50°C in total recirculation mode with PSW with a pore diameter (DP) of 0.1 and 0.2 μm. It has been shown even if permeate fluxes are similar, a drastic CN loss was observed in the permeate during MF with PSW membranes of 0.2 μm DP. Thus, 0.1-μm PSW was selected for concentration-diafiltration steps up to a concentration factor of 3.0X in order to compare the results with that of a MCGP. It has been demonstrated that 0.1-μm PSW had permeation fluxes 3.5 times lower than CGP but increased rejection of SP while consuming 5 times less energy. Following these results, the performances of the 0.1 μm MPS were compared with those of an ultrafiltration membrane (UF) with a cutoff threshold of 10 kDa. It has been demonstrated that the permeation fluxes of the 0.1-μm MPS are greater than those of the UF membrane and that the retention of the total proteins is relatively similar. Following these results, the performances of the 0.1-μm PSW were compared with those of a 10 kDa ultrafiltration membrane (UF), demonstrating that permeate fluxes of the 0.1-μm PSW were higher compared to the UF membrane while total protein rejection was relatively similar. Consequently, the use of 0.1 μm MPS proves to be advantageous for CN concentration, while allowing a similar selectivity of the proteins and higher hydraulic performances compared to the UF membrane (10 kDa). These results enable manufacturers to make a technological choice in MF between MPS and MCGP, but also opens the possibility to substitute the 10 kDa UF by the 0.1 μm MF in the preparation of milk protein concentrates for cheese milk standardisation

L'effet de l'alimentation et de polymorphismes des gènes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors sur la taille des particules LDL

En 2004, les maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) causaient environ 72 000 décès au Canada. Le National Cholesterol Education Program reconnaît maintenant la taille des particules de lipoprotéines de faible densité (LDL) comme un facteur de risque émergeant. La taille des particules LDL peut être influencée par l'alimentation et la génétique. Celle-ci a été déterminée par électrophorèse sur gels de polyacrylamide. L'utilisation des profils alimentaires permet d'évaluer l'impact global de l'alimentation sur un facteur de risque. Les profils "Prudent" et "Western" ont été déterminés par analyse factorielle et associés à la taille des particules LDL. Les peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) sont des gènes connus pour avoir un effet sur la taille des particules LDL. Des effets d'interactions gènes-diète ont été observés pour les trois polymorphismes (PPARα L162V, PPARγ P12A et PPAR[delta] -87T>C) à l'étude. Ces résultats illustrent l'importance de considérer différents facteurs lors de l'étude des facteurs de risque de MCV

Génétique, acides gras oméga-3 et facteurs de risque des maladies cardiovasculaires

Les maladies chroniques telles que les maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) sont complexes et leur risque est modulé par de nombreux facteurs tels que le bagage génétique et l’alimentation. Dans le cadre de ce projet, une cohorte de 210 participants a été recrutée. Deux profils alimentaires ont été identifiés, le profil Prudent caractérisé par une consommation plus élevée de légumes, fruits, produits céréaliers à grains entiers et de gras non-hydrogénés et le profil Western caractérisé par une consommation plus élevée de produits céréaliers raffinés, desserts, sucreries et viandes transformées. Ces deux profils alimentaires modulaient l’expression de gènes impliqués dans le système immunitaire, la réponse inflammatoire, le cancer et/ou les MCV. Le profil alimentaire Western était également associé à un profil de métabolites constitué de concentrations plus élevées de certains acides aminés et d’acylcarnitines à courtes chaînes. Afin d’étudier la variabilité interindividuelle dans la réponse à un nutriment, une supplémentation de 6 semaines en huile de poisson a été réalisée chez les 210 participants. Des SNPs de gènes reliés aux voies de la lipogénèse de novo et la bêta-oxydation des acides gras (ACLY, ACACA, GCK, RXRA, ACOX1) affectaient seuls, ou en interaction avec la diète, la réponse des triglycérides (TG) plasmatiques suite à la supplémentation en huile de poisson. La variabilité génétique présente dans le gène sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) expliquait une partie des différences interindividuelles observées dans la réponse des concentrations d’insuline suite à la supplémentation en huile de poisson. Dans une seconde cohorte de 691 individus, des associations entre des SNPs, identifiés à l’aide d’un GWAS réalisé sur la cohorte des 210 individus ayant pris la supplémentation en huile de poisson, et les concentrations de TG et d’acides gras dans les phospholipides plasmatiques ont été observées. Cette thèse comprend un volet d’application des connaissances où l’attitude a été identifiée comme le principal déterminant de l’intention des diététistes de discuter de nutrigénétique avec leurs patients/clients. Globalement, ces résultats démontrent que les profils alimentaires influencent le métabolisme à différents niveaux et que la réponse à l’huile de poisson peut être variable tout dépendamment du bagage génétique et de l’alimentation.Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are complex and their risk factors are regulated by many factors, for example the genetic background and dietary intakes. In this project, 210 participants were recruited. Two dietary factors were identified, the Prudent dietary pattern which was characterised by higher intakes of vegetables, fruits, whole grain products and non-hydrogenated fats and the Western dietary pattern, characterised by higher intakes of refined grain products, desserts, sweets and processed meats. Both dietary patterns modulated the expression of genes related to the immune system, inflammatory response, cancer and/or CVD. The Western dietary pattern was also associated with a metabolite profile which comprised greater concentrations of certain amino acids as well as small chain acylcartinines. To examine the interindividual variability in the response to a nutrient, a 6 week fish oil supplementation was conducted among the 210 participants. SNPs related to genes involved in de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid beta-oxidation (ACLY, ACACA, GCK, RXRA, ACOX1) were associated alone or in an interaction effect with dietary intakes with the plasma triglyceride (TG) response to the fish oil supplementation. The genetic variability within sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) gene was associated with differences in the response of insulin concentrations following fish oil supplementation. In a second cohort of 691 participants, associations between SNPs, identified in a previous GWAS conducted among the 210 participants supplemented with fish oil, and TG as well as plasma phospholipid fatty acid concentrations were observed. This thesis also comprises a knowledge transfer section where the attitude was identified as the main determinant of the intention of dietitians to discuss nutrigenetics with their patients/clients. Globally, these results demonstrate that dietary patterns modulate the metabolism at several levels and that the response to fish oil is variable depending upon genetic profile and dietary intakes

The metabolic signature associated with the Western dietary pattern : a cross-sectional study

Background: Metabolic profiles have been shown to be associated to obesity status and insulin sensitivity. Dietary intakes influence metabolic pathways and therefore, different dietary patterns may relate to modifications in metabolic signatures. The objective was to verify associations between dietary patterns and metabolic profiles composed of amino acids (AAs) and acylcarnitines (ACs). Methods: 210 participants were recruited in the greater Quebec City area between September 2009 and December 2011. Dietary patterns had been previously derived using principal component analysis (PCA). The Prudent dietary pattern was characterised by higher intakes of vegetables, fruits, whole grain products, non-hydrogenated fat and lower intakes of refined grain products, whereas the Western dietary pattern was associated with higher intakes of refined grain products, desserts, sweets and processed meats. Targeted metabolites were quantified in 37 participants with the Biocrates Absolute IDQ p150 (Biocrates Life Sciences AG, Austria) mass spectrometry method (including 14 amino acids and 41 acylcarnitines). Results: PCA analysis with metabolites including AAs and ACs revealed two main components explaining the most variance in overall data (13.8%). PC1 was composed mostly of medium- to long-chain ACs (C16:2, C14:2, C14:2-OH, C16, C14:1-OH, C14:1, C10:2, C5-DC/C6-OH, C12, C18:2, C10, C4:1-DC/C6, C8:1 and C2) whereas PC2 included certain AAs and short-chain ACs (xLeu, Met, Arg, Phe, Pro, Orn, His, C0, C3, C4 and C5). The Western dietary pattern correlated negatively with PC1 and positively with PC2 (r = −0.34, p = 0.05 and r = 0.38, p = 0.03, respectively), independently of age, sex and BMI. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the Western dietary pattern is associated with a specific metabolite signature characterized by increased levels of AAs including branched-chain AAs (BCAAs) and short-chain ACs

An interaction effect between glucokinase gene variation and carbohydrate intakes modulates the plasma triglyceride response to a fish oil supplementation

A large inter-individual variability in the plasma triglyceride (TG) response to fish oil consumption has been observed. The objective was to investigate the gene-diet interaction effects between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within glucokinase (GCK) gene and dietary carbohydrate intakes (CHO) on the plasma TG response to a fish oil supplementation. Two hundred and eight participants were recruited in the greater Quebec City area. The participants completed a 6-week fish oil supplementation (5 g fish oil/day: 1.9-2.2 g EPA and 1.1 g DHA). Thirteen SNPs within GCK gene were genotyped using TAQMAN methodology. A gene-diet interaction effect on the plasma TG response was observed with rs741038 and CHO adjusted for age, sex and BMI (p = 0.008). In order to compare the plasma TG response between genotypes according to CHO, participants were divided according to median CHO. Homozygotes of the minor C allele of rs741038 with high CHO >48.59 % had a greater decrease in their plasma TG concentrations following the intake of fish oil (p < 0.05) than C/C homozygotes with low CHO and also than the other genotypes either with high or low CHO. The plasma TG response to a fish oil supplementation may be modulated by gene-diet interaction effects involving GCK gene and CHO

Genome-wide association study of dietary pattern scores

Dietary patterns, representing global food supplies rather than specific nutrients or food intakes, have been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality. The contribution of genetic factors in the determination of food intakes, preferences and dietary patterns has been previously established. The current study aimed to identify novel genetic factors associated with reported dietary pattern scores. Reported dietary patterns scores were derived from reported dietary intakes for the preceding month and were obtained through a food frequency questionnaire and genome-wide association study (GWAS) conducted in a study sample of 141 individuals. Reported Prudent and Western dietary patterns demonstrated nominal associations (p < 1 × 10−5) with 78 and 27 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), respectively. Among these, SNPs annotated to genes previously associated with neurological disorders, CVD risk factors and obesity were identified. Further assessment of SNPs demonstrated an impact on gene expression levels in blood for SNPs located within/near BCKDHB (p = 0.02) and the hypothalamic glucosensor PFKFB3 (p = 0.0004) genes, potentially mediated through an impact on the binding of transcription factors (TFs). Overrepresentations of glucose/energy homeostasis and hormone response TFs were also observed from SNP-surrounding sequences. Results from the current GWAS study suggest an interplay of genes involved in the metabolic response to dietary patterns on obesity, glucose metabolism and food-induced response in the brain in the adoption of dietary patterns

Associations between dietary patterns and gene expression profiles of healthy men and women: a cross-sectional study

Background: Diet regulates gene expression profiles by several mechanisms. The objective of this study was to examine gene expression in relation with dietary patterns. Methods: Two hundred and fifty four participants from the greater Quebec City metropolitan area were recruited. Two hundred and ten participants completed the study protocol. Dietary patterns were derived from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) by factor analysis. For 30 participants (in fasting state), RNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and expression levels of 47,231 mRNA transcripts were assessed using the Illumina Human-6 v3 Expression BeadChipsW. Microarray data was pre-processed with Flexarray software and analysed with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Results: Two dietary patterns were identified. The Prudent dietary pattern was characterised by high intakes of vegetables, fruits, whole grain products and low intakes of refined grain products and the Western dietary pattern, by high intakes of refined grain products, desserts, sweets and processed meats. When individuals with high scores for the Prudent dietary pattern where compared to individuals with low scores, 2,083 transcripts were differentially expressed in men, 1,136 transcripts in women and 59 transcripts were overlapping in men and women. For the Western dietary pattern, 1,021 transcripts were differentially expressed in men with high versus low scores, 1,163 transcripts in women and 23 transcripts were overlapping in men and women. IPA reveals that genes differentially expressed for both patterns were present in networks related to the immune and/or inflammatory response, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Conclusion: Gene expression profiles were different according to dietary patterns, which probably modulate the risk of chronic diseases

Applicability of Neuropsychological and Psychometric Tests in Autosomal Recessive Spastic Ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS)

Autosomal Recessive Spastic Ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ATSACS) is a degenerative spinocerebellar disease with pyramidal, cerebellar, and neuropathic impairments. Recent studies highlight possible deficits in cognitive functions like language. Psychometric tests selection implies careful consideration due to upper limbs incoordination and dysarthria. The objective of this study is to document the applicability of 37 neuropsychological and 2 psychological tests in 8 individuals with ARSACS aged between 20 and 60 years. All tests were rated on 4 applicability criteria using a 3-level rating scale: A for excellent; B for acceptable; C for reconsider. Most tests posed few or no applicability limits with ARSACS patients. However, certain tests (e.g., Leiter-3 and Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices) are not recommended due to significant issues related to applicability. These results may help clinicians and researchers working with this population to select evaluations and tests applicable in this population. L'ataxie récessive spastique autosomique de Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) est une maladie neurodégénérative spinocérébelleuse impliquant des atteintes pyramidales, cérébelleuses et neuropathiques et de possibles déficits dans certaines fonctions cognitives comme le langage. La sélection des tests psychométriques appropriés implique certaines précautions liées à la présence d'incoordination des membres supérieurs et de dysarthrie. L'objectif de cette étude consiste à documenter l'applicabilité de 37 tests neuropsychologiques et de 2 tests psychologiques chez 8 individus atteints d'ARSACS (20-60 ans). Les tests ont été évalués en fonction de 4 critères d'applicabilité en utilisant une échelle à 3 niveaux: A pour excellent; B pour acceptable; C pour reconsidérer. La plupart des tests ont posé peu ou pas de limites liées à l'applicabilité chez les patients atteints d'ARSACS. Cela dit, certains tests (c.-à-d., le Leiter-3 et les Matrices Progressives de Raven) ne sont pas recommandés en raison de problèmes liés à leur applicabilité. Ces résultats pourront venir en aide aux cliniciens et chercheurs qui travaillent auprès de cette population en vue de la sélection d'évalutions et de tests

Molecular remodeling of adipose tissue is associated with metabolic recovery after weight loss surgery

Background Bariatric surgery is an effective therapy for individuals with severe obesity to achieve sustainable weight loss and to reduce comorbidities. Examining the molecular signature of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) following different types of bariatric surgery may help in gaining further insight into their distinct metabolic impact. Results Subjects undergoing biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) showed a significantly higher percentage of total weight loss than those undergoing gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy (RYGB + SG) (41.7 ± 4.6 vs 28.2 ± 6.8%; p = 0.00005). Individuals losing more weight were also significantly more prone to achieve both type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia remission (OR = 0.75; 95%CI = 0.51–0.91; p = 0.03). Whole transcriptome and methylome profiling showed that bariatric surgery induced a profound molecular remodeling of SAT at 12 months postoperative, mainly through gene down-regulation and hypermethylation. The extent of changes observed was greater following BPD-DS, with 61.1% and 49.8% of up- and down-regulated genes, as well as 85.7% and 70.4% of hyper- and hypomethylated genes being exclusive to this procedure, and mostly associated with a marked decrease of immune and inflammatory responses. Weight loss was strongly associated with genes being simultaneously differentially expressed and methylated in BPD-DS, with the strongest association being observed for GPD1L (r²=0.83; p=1.4x10⁻⁶). Conclusions Present findings point to the greater SAT molecular remodeling following BPD-DS as potentially linked with higher metabolic remission rates. These results will contribute to a better understanding of the metabolic pathways involved in the response to bariatric surgery and will eventually lead to the development of gene targets for the treatment of obesity

Effects of age, sex, body mass index and APOE genotype on cardiovascular biomarker response to an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation

Objectives: To test whether age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype are associated with the metabolic response to an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation. Methods: 210 subjects followed a 2-week run-in period based on Canada’s Food Guide and underwent a 6-week 5 g/day fish oil supplementation (1.9 g of eicosapentaenoic acid and 1.1 g of docosahexaenoic acid). Cardiovascular disease risk factors were measured. Results: n-3 PUFA supplementation was associated with a decrease of plasma triglyceride levels (p = 0.0002) as well as with an increase of fasting glucose (FG) levels (p = 0.02). Age was associated with post-intervention plasma total cholesterol (p = 0.01), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.007), apolipoprotein B (p = 0.04), and insulin (p = 0.002) levels. Sex was associated with post-intervention plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (p = 0.02). BMI was associated with plasma FG (p = 0.02) and insulin levels (p < 0.0001) after the supplementation. APOE genotype was associated with FG (p = 0.001) and C-reactive protein levels (p = 0.03) after the supplementation. Conclusion: Results suggest that age, sex, BMI, and the APOE genotype contribute to the inter-individual variability observed in the metabolic response to an n-3 PUFA supplementation