Gender, Grief, and Bereavement in Second World War Britain

This article examines the extent to which we can understand the emotional economy of mid-twentieth-century Britain, and in particular how, in wartime, the articulation and management of grief was gendered. After tracing the development of a discourse of stoicism and emotional restraint in the inter-war years, the article goes on to examine representations of responses to sudden death in a range of wartime cultural texts. Arguing that self-control, stoicism, and privileging the needs of the wartime community over the needs of the individual were widely posited as the best means of overcoming grief, the article finds that women were specifically advised that restrained self-management was the most patriotic response to bereavement, advice driven both by women's primary historical role as mourners and also by a long-standing understanding of women as being especially likely to be overwhelmed by their emotions. In conclusion, it suggests that while the emotional economy of mid-century Britain may have been successful in terms of enabling the British people to ‘carry on’ during a long and arduous war, it left a legacy of wartime loss that was to be felt for years to come

Confronting Patients: Therapists’ Model of a Responsiveness Based Approach

Confrontation represents a way of challenging patients in psychotherapy to stimulate change. Confrontation draws attention to discrepancies, for example between elements in a patient’s functioning. The present study was designed to construct a conceptual model of confrontation used by therapists when trying to address two main questions: what are the risks and opportunities of confrontation and how can these effects be influenced? Fifteen therapists from the Psychotherapy Outpatient Clinic of the University of Bern in Switzerland participated in semi-standardized interviews, which were analyzed using qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis. Several main themes merged into a dynamic, sequential model: groundwork required before a confrontation, shaping the confrontation, the (immediate) effects, and management of negative consequences. Therapists assume that a confrontation may induce insight and can strengthen the therapeutic relationship either directly or indirectly through the repair of a rupture in the alliance