Broadband ranking of regions and its methodological basis

Access networks plays an essential role in some sectors of the economy. Its speed basically defines the utility of the system. In Hungary, in 2009 the average guaranteed download speed was just 1 Mbit/s, and a little more than the tenth part of subscribers had 4 Mbit/s or more data rate. For satisfaction the claims of today and immediate future needs broadband – capacity of at least 50 Mbit/s – infrastructure. To build of such infrastructure in those regions, which less attractive commercially for service providers, state intervention is necessary. The country and EU provide financial sources but is not enough to the necessary developments. Many ICT infrastructure developments has happened on many settlements in Hungary, but not always on the most suitable places. My aim is to rank regions based on the ICT development of them, because it is worthy to focus time and resources, where these will be return as quickly as possible. In my opinion the target of the developments would be worthy to select on the basis of usefulness. Complex regional indicator is necessary to this objective which can be applied on settlements level and on the basis of it these can be ranked. It is important to have regard to such social-economic factors which really correlate with existence of broadband networks. In this article I present the Hungarian regions situation in broadband network respect, and the methodological basis of to construction of a regional network indicator. I sketch scope of possible earmarkable elements – which are accessible statistical indicators in connection with broadband networks – and applicable model for it.broadband network, regions, rank, investment decision support, efficiency

Pension System in the Changing Society

In the past three decades, several attempts in various directions have been initiated for reforming the pension system. The reforms are needed to ensure financial viability on the one hand, and to achieve greater justice, on the other hand. Parametric reforms are not enough. A paradigm shift is needed in the pension system! To that end, the insurance paradigm in the state pension system must be replaced with an investment paradigm, and, to be more specific, to the paradigm of investing into human capital. We don’t save for our older selves, we repay our predecessors what they invested in us. Our work pensions would be complemented by the second channel payable based on children or based on the voluntary pension fund. The latter should be chosen by those who do not or could not have children. If they do, eventually, have children, they can change to the children-based pension channel. The proposed reform would result in greater justice at all events. It would, however, be a viable step. It could have a significant role in strengthening family solidarity, encouraging having children and the mitigation of demographic problems

WEATHER INDEX- THE BASIS OF WEATHER DERIVATIVES

This paper approaches the subject of Weather Derivatives, more exactly their basic element the weather index. The weather index has two forms, the Heating Degree Day (HDD) and the Cooling Degree Day (CDD). We will try to explain their origin, use and the relationship between the two forms of the index. In our research we started from the analysis of the weather derivatives and what they are based on. After finding out about weather index, we were interested in understanding exactly how they work and how they influence the value of the contract. On the national level the research in the field is scares, but foreign materials available. The study for this paper was based firstly on reading about Weather Derivative, and then going in the meteorogical field and determining the way by which the indices were determined. After this, we went to the field with interest in the indices, such as the energy and gas industries, and figured out how they determined the weather index. For the examples we obtained data from the weather index database, and calculated the value for the period. The study is made on a period of five years, in 8 cities of the European Union. The result of this research is that we can now understand better the importance of the way the indices work and how they influence the value of the Weather Derivatives. This research has an implication on the field of insurance, because of the fact that weather derivative are at the convergence point of the stock markets and the insurance market. The originality of the paper comes from the personal touch given to the theoretical aspect and through the analysis of the HDD and CDD index in order to show their general behaviour and relationship.Weather derivatives, Weather Index, HDD, CDD

More than 30 Years of the Hungarian Banking System

The two-tier banking system was (newly) born in Hungary in 1987. The advent of political changes arrived when the over-indebted country had been left without reserves, and nearly went bankrupt. From such a difficult position a functioning banking system had to be built up after the first free elections held in 1990. During the second term, between 1994 and 1998, most of the Hungarian banks were privatised (after consolidation of the individual banks during the first government with the help of government bonds.) In the third cycle there appeared to be too many banks in the country, and most of them were below the optimum. In the period between 2002 and 2010, banks flourished and created a credit boom based on foreign currency. Following the international financial crisis this led to great troubles. The forint was devaluated against the Swiss franc, and numerous clients became insolvent and lost their homes. The government elected in 2010 made efforts at resolving the situation to help citizens by programmes including several steps. Banks were required to take part in this effort by paying special taxes and for a time this cut back on their profitability. The last three governments since 2010 modified the deconcentrated banking structure and repurchased some of the previously privatised banks. In 2013 the government set the goal of increasing the share of Hungarian-owned banks to above 50%, which was achieved in 2019. The profitability of banks has recovered, and their capital position is now strong. The National Bank of Hungary fulfils the supervisory function. Through its monetary policy, unorthodox measures and credit programmes, it helps the smooth functioning of the sector and thus the financing of Hungarian SME’s

Új generációs hálózati infrastruktúra szükségessége és szélessávú hálózatfejlesztések értékelése a vidéki régiókban

Az új generációs hálózatok hatása a vidéki régiók fejl?désére egyértelm?, azonban szektoronként eltér? mértékben van szükség a szélessávú hálózaton igénybe vehet? szolgáltatásokra. Az új generációs hálózati infrastruktúra kiépítése vidéki régiókban, ezáltal a digitális szakadék csökkentése, központi cél az Európai Uniós és a nemzeti stratégiákban.Regionális vizsgálatokkal bizonyítottam, hogy a szélessávú hálózathoz köthet? infrastrukturális és használati jellemz?k (például a szélessávú hálózattal rendelkez? háztartások, az internetes vásárlás, vagy a számítógép használat aránya) összefüggésben vannak a gazdasági és társadalmi jellemz?kkel (például a regionális GDP termeléssel és a foglalkoztatottsági mutatókkal). A regionális és országos szint? adatok alapján végzett vizsgálataimés az eredmények szerint az egyes országok IKT színvonalában mutatkozó jelent?s különbségek az egyes országokon belüli régiók között is megjelennek. Az egyes országok IKT fejlettségének komplex vizsgálatára több indikátor is készült, melyek segítenek a jöv?beli fejlesztési irányok meghatározásában. Ezen fontosabb indikátorok alkalmazásával bemutatom az NGN és a ráépül? szolgáltatások jelent?ségét a vidéki régiókban, a fejlesztéshez kapcsolódó gazdasági jellemz?ket, és a szélessávú hálózatok infrastrukturális és használati jellemz?inek összehasonlítási lehet?ségeit különböz? területi szinteken.</jats:p

Közgazdasági tételek, amelyek áttörésre várnak = Economic Propositions Waiting for a Breakthrough

A tanulmány néhány olyan közgazdasági gondolatot vet fel, amelyek az alternatív közgazdasági gondolkodókat napjainkban foglalkoztatják, de nem váltak világméretekben a gazdaságpolitikák részévé. Ilyen az adekvát technológia elve, ami azt jelenti, hogy ne alkalmazzunk tőkeigényes technikát olyan gazdaságban, amelyben bőséggel áll rendelkezésre munkaerő. A másik, hogy a jövedelemeloszlás aránytalanságai akadályát jelentik a további gazdasági növekedésnek. A harmadik: megállapítható, hogy a Bretton Woods-i rendszer olyan irányba fejlődött, ami nemzetközi méretekben fokozza a jövedelemaránytalanságokat. A fejlődő országok, sőt egyes OECD-országok is súlyos adósságcsapdába estek. A jelen világrendszer trilemmájából – nemzeti szuverenitás, hiperglobalizáció, demokrácia – egyszerre csak kettő valósítható meg. Célszerűen a globalizációban kell egy lépést visszalépni. Végül megemlítjük a financializáció jelenségét, ami azt jelenti, hogy egyre nagyobb hányada a megtermelt jövedelemnek a pénzügyi szektorba áramlik. A szektor szolgából úrrá lett, a hatalmas megtakarítások válságból válságba sodorják a világgazdaságot. A tanulmány levonja a következtetést: a szabad verseny és demokrácia alapján álló kapitalizmusban a demokrácia válságát tapasztalhatjuk. Morális megújulásra van szükség, hogy megtaláljuk a fenntartható gazdaság és társadalom mechanizmusát