354 research outputs found
Capsule-free fluid delivery and beam-induced electrodeposition in a scanning electron microscope
Gold coated borosilicate nanocapillaries are used to locally deliver aqueous, electrolytic CuSO4 solution into the low vacuum chamber of an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). Capillary flow of the liquid is induced by bringing a nanocapillary into contact with a substrate. A microscopic droplet is stabilized by controlling the droplet evaporation rate with the substrate temperature and the pressure of H2O vapor injected into the vacuum chamber. An electron beam is admitted to the droplet through a pressure limiting aperture. Electrochemical reduction of aqueous Cu2+ to solid, high purity, deposited Cu is achieved by biasing the nanocapillary and supplying current by the beam which acts as a virtual cathode and enables electrodeposition on both conductive and insulating substrates. Delivery of liquids into vacuum enables localized, capsule-free beam induced electrochemistry, opening new pathways for direct-write nano and micro-lithography via beam induced electrodeposition. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013
Deposition of highly porous nanocrystalline platinum on functionalized substrates through fluorine-induced decomposition of Pt(PF<inf>3</inf>) <inf>4</inf> adsorbates
Nanocrystalline platinum is synthesized at room temperature by co-injecting Pt(PF3)4 and XeF2 vapors onto solid supports in vacuum. The Pt nucleation time scales with chemisorbed fluorine coverage, which is controlled by pre-dosing supports with XeF2, and by optional electron or ion beam irradiation under flowing XeF2. The latter is used to increase the chemisorbed fluorine coverage and localize the Pt growth process. © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Expression patterns of chondrocyte genes cloned by differential display in tibial dyschondroplasia
AbstractTibial dyschondroplasia (TD) appears to involve a failure of the growth plate chondrocytes within growing long bones to differentiate fully to the hypertrophic stage, resulting in a mass of prehypertrophic chondrocytes which form the avascular TD lesion. Many biochemical and molecular markers of chondrocyte hypertrophy are absent from the lesion, or show reduced expression, but the cause of the disorder remains to be identified. As differentiation to the hypertrophic state is impaired in TD, we hypothesised that chondrocyte genes that are differentially expressed in the growth plate should show altered expression in TD. Using differential display, four genes, B-cadherin, EF2, HT7 and Ex-FABP were cloned from chondrocytes stimulated to differentiate to the hypertrophic stage in vitro, and their differential expression confirmed in vivo. Using semi-quantitative RT-PCR, the expression patterns of these genes were compared in chondrocytes from normal and TD growth plates. Surprisingly, none of these genes showed the pattern of expression that might be expected in TD lesion chondrocytes, and two of them, B-cadherin and Ex-FABP, were upregulated in the lesion. This indicates that the TD phenotype does not merely reflect the absence of hypertrophic marker genes, but may be influenced by more complex developmental mechanisms/defects than previously thought
Spontaneous Growth of Gallium-Filled Microcapillaries on Ion-Bombarded GaN
Bottom-up growth of microscopic pillars is observed at room temperature on GaN irradiated with a Ga+ beam in a gaseous XeF2 environment. Ion bombardment produces Ga droplets which evolve into pillars, each comprised of a spherical Ga cap atop a Ga-fille
Magnetotransport properties of iron microwires fabricated by focused electron beam induced autocatalytic growth
We have prepared iron microwires in a combination of focused electron beam
induced deposition (FEBID) and autocatalytic growth from the iron
pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO)5, precursor gas under UHV conditions. The electrical
transport properties of the microwires were investigated and it was found that
the temperature dependence of the longitudinal resistivity (rhoxx) shows a
typical metallic behaviour with a room temperature value of about 88
micro{\Omega} cm. In order to investigate the magnetotransport properties we
have measured the isothermal Hall-resistivities in the range between 4.2 K and
260 K. From these measurements positive values for the ordinary and the
anomalous Hall coefficients were derived. The relation between anomalous Hall
resistivity (rhoAN) and longitudinal resistivity is quadratic, rhoAN rho^2 xx,
revealing an intrinsic origin of the anomalous Hall effect. Finally, at low
temperature in the transversal geometry a negative magnetoresistance of about
0.2 % was measured
Maskless milling of diamond by a focused oxygen ion beam
Recent advances in focused ion beam technology have enabled high-resolution, maskless nanofabrication using light ions. Studies with light ions to date have, however, focused on milling of materials where sub-surface ion beam damage does not inhibit device performance. Here we report on maskless milling of single crystal diamond using a focused beam of oxygen ions. Material quality is assessed by Raman and luminescence analysis, and reveals that the damage layer generated by oxygen ions can be removed by non-intrusive post-processing methods such as localised electron beam induced chemical etching
Transverse self-fields within an electron bunch moving in an arc of a circle
As a consequence of motions driven by external forces, self-fields (which are
different from the static case) originate within an electron bunch. In the case
of magnetic external forces acting on an ultrarelativistic beam, the
longitudinal self-interactions are responsible for CSR (Coherent Synchrotron
Radiation)-related phenomena, which have been studied extensively. On the other
hand, transverse self-interactions are present too. At the time being, existing
theoretical analysis of transverse self-forces deal with the case of a bunch
moving along a circular orbit only, without considering the situation of a
bending magnet with a finite length. In this paper we propose an
electrodynamical analysis of transverse self-fields which originate, at the
position of a test particle, from an ultrarelativistic electron bunch moving in
an arc of a circle. The problem will be first addressed within a two-particle
system. We then extend our consideration to a line bunch with a stepped density
distribution, a situation which can be easily generalized to the case of an
arbitrary density distribution. Our approach turns out to be also useful in
order to get a better insight in the physics involved in the case of simple
circular motion and in order to address the well known issue of the partial
compensation of transverse self-force.Comment: 23 pages, 14 figure
Direct-write milling of diamond by a focused oxygen ion beam
Recent advances in focused ion beam technology have enabled high-resolution, direct-write nanofabrication using light ions. Studies with light ions to date have, however, focused on milling of materials where sub-surface ion beam damage does not inhibit device performance. Here we report on direct-write milling of single crystal diamond using a focused beam of oxygen ions. Material quality is assessed by Raman and luminescence analysis, and reveals that the damage layer generated by oxygen ions can be removed by nonintrusive post-processing methods such as localised electron beam induced chemical etching
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