A role for doctors in assisted dying? An analysis of legal regulations and medical professional positions in six European countries

An extensive debate about assisted suicide and euthanasia has been taking place in westernized countries during the last twenty years. Traditionally, the medical profession has maintained a clear distance from euthanasia and assisted suicide, but this distance can no longer be justified by simply referring to the law. This paper analyses the legal and, in particular, medical professional positions with respect to the doctor’s role in assisted dying in certain Western European countries (Belgium, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, United Kingdom) and discusses their implications for doctors

Climate Concern and Engagement: Large Face-to-Face and Online Polls by the Dutch non-profit Milieudefensie

Climate change mitigation depends on tracking public opinion across populations. Social scientists can collaborate with environmental organizations that conduct surveys among their audiences. We teamed up with the non-profit Milieudefensie, who surveyed Dutch attitudes towards climate change in 2019-2020. The large dataset had face-to-face (n = 3,102) and online interviews (n = 30,311) of urbanity, climate concern, policy preferences, interviewer-rated engagement with climate change, and behavior (whether the interviewee provided their email and phone number to the organization). To reveal the representativeness of these kinds of convenience samples, we tested whether attitudes and their associations with behaviors were similar to previous studies. Climate concern, preference for climate policy, and interviewer-rated engagement were high. In the online survey, 47% of respondents signed up for an email newsletter, and 7% provided their phone number. Higher climate concern and preference for climate policy predicted interviewer-rated engagement and behavior (weak to strong associations). Urbanity was not related to concern, policy preferences, or interviewer-rated engagement. Policy preferences did not differ between the face-to-face and online samples. The results provide convergent evidence to conventional online surveys. These Dutch residents appear slightly more engaged with systemic change to mitigate climate change than the general public.</p

Elevation gradients of European climate change in the regional climate model COSMO-CLM

A transient climate scenario experiment of the regional climate model COSMO-CLM is analyzed to assess the elevation dependency of 21st century European climate change. A focus is put on near-surface conditions. Model evaluation reveals that COSMO-CLM is able to approximately reproduce the observed altitudinal variation of 2m temperature and precipitation in most regions and most seasons. The analysis of climate change signals suggests that 21st century climate change might considerably depend on elevation. Over most parts of Europe and in most seasons, near-surface warming significantly increases with elevation. This is consistent with the simulated changes of the free-tropospheric air temperature, but can only be fully explained by taking into account regional-scale processes involving the land surface. In winter and spring, the anomalous high-elevation warming is typically connected to a decrease in the number of snow days and the snow-albedo feedback. Further factors are changes in cloud cover and soil moisture and the proximity of low-elevation regions to the sea. The amplified warming at high elevations becomes apparent during the first half of the 21st century and results in a general decrease of near-surface lapse rates. It does not imply an early detection potential of large-scale temperature changes. For precipitation, only few consistent signals arise. In many regions precipitation changes show a pronounced elevation dependency but the details strongly depend on the season and the region under consideration. There is a tendency towards a larger relative decrease of summer precipitation at low elevations, but there are exceptions to this as wel

Symbiotic N2 fixation by soybean in organic and conventional cropping systems estimated by 15N dilution and 15N natural abundance

Nitrogen (N) is often the most limiting nutrient in organic cropping systems. N2 fixing crops present an important option to improve N supply and to maintain soil fertility. In a field experiment, we investigated whether the lower N fertilization level and higher soil microbial activity in organic than conventional systems affected symbiotic N2 fixation by soybean (Glycine max, var. Maple Arrow) growing in 2004 in plots that were since 1978 under the following systems: bio-dynamic (DYN); bio-organic (ORG); conventional with organic and mineral fertilizers (CON); CON with exclusively mineral fertilizers (MIN); non-fertilized control (NON). We estimated the percentage of legume N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) by the natural abundance (NA) method. For ORG and MIN we additionally applied the enriched 15N isotope dilution method (ID) based on residual mineral and organic 15N labeled fertilizers that were applied in 2003 in microplots installed in ORG and MIN plots. These different enrichment treatments resulted in equal %Ndfa values. The %Ndfa obtained by NA for ORG and MIN was confirmed by the ID method, with similar variation. However, as plant growth was restricted by the microplot frames the NA technique provided more accurate estimates of the quantities of symbiotically fixed N2 (Nfix). At maturity of soybean the %Ndfa ranged from 24 to 54%. It decreased in the order ORG>CON>DYN>NON>MIN, with significantly lowest value for MIN. Corresponding Nfix in above ground plant material ranged from 15 to 26g Nm-2, with a decreasing trend in the order DYN=ORG>CON>MIN>NON. For all treatments, the N withdrawal by harvested grains was greater than Nfix. This shows that at the low to medium %Ndfa, soybeans did not improve the N supply to any system but removed significant amounts of soil N. High-soil N mineralization and/or low-soil P availability may have limited symbiotic N2 fixatio

Restoration Of Dual-Frequency Signals With Nonlinear Propagation In Fibers With Positive Group-Velocity Dispersion

It is shown experimentally and theoretically that a sinusoidally modulated pulse evolves with time into a train of dark soliton-like pulses and then returns to its initial sinusoidal shape on propagation through a nonlinear single-mode fiber with positive group velocity dispersion. The experimental results are in agreement with predictions from the nonlinear Schrodinger equation

Nitrogen use efficiency of 15N-labelled sheep manure and mineral fertiliser applied to microplots in long-term organic and conventional cropping systems

Nitrogen (N) utilisation by crops has to be improved to minimize losses to the environment. We investigated N use efficiency of animal manure and mineral fertiliser and fate of fertiliser N not taken up by crops in a conventional (CONMIN) and a bio-organic (BIOORG) cropping system of a long-term field experiment over three vegetation periods (winter wheat-soybean-maize). Microplots planted with wheat received a single application of 15N-labelled slurries (either urine or faeces labelled) or mineral fertiliser. At the end of each vegetation period we tested whether higher microbial activity and larger microbial biomass in BIOORG than CONMIN soils, and lower long-term N input level in BIOORG, affected use efficiency and fate of fertiliser N not taken up by crops. Recovery of 15N in wheat was 37%, 10% and 47% from urine, faeces and mineral fertiliser, respectively, and decreased strongly in the residual years. In total 41%, 15% and 50% of 15N applied as urine, faeces and mineral fertiliser was recovered by the three crops. 15N recovered from originally applied urine, faeces and mineral fertiliser in the topsoil (0-18cm) at the end of the third vegetation period was 19%, 25% and 20%, respectively. Of urine-, faeces- and mineral fertiliser-15N, 40%, 61% and 29%, respectively, was not recovered by the three crops and in topsoil suggesting significant transport of 15N-labelled components to deeper soil layers. CONMIN and BIOORG differed neither in fertiliser N use efficiency by crops nor in 15N recovery in soil indicating insignificant difference in the turnover and utilization of the applied manure nitrogen in the conventional and the bio-organic cropping system

Nachweis der Ermüdungssicherheit von Brücken – Teil 1: Veranlassung, Ziel und Messkonzept des Monitoring-Projekts „Bahnbrücke Eglisau"

Durch steigende Anforderungen des modernen Bahnverkehrs (vor allem durch höhere Achslasten und Zugfrequenzen) werden Bahnbrücken immer stärker beansprucht. Entsprechend muss die Trag- und Ermüdungssicherheit dieser Brücken nachgewiesen werden. Dies erfolgt über eine so genannte Aktualisierung, indem die effektiv auftretende Beanspruchung des Brückentragwerks genau ermittelt wird. Im Rahmen eines Pilotprojekts werden zurzeit zerstörungsfreie, statische und dynamische Belastungsversuche an der Bahnbrücke Eglisau, Schweiz, durchgeführt, um Informationen zu erhalten, auf deren Basis zuverlässige Aussagen zur Tragsicherheit und Ermüdungssicherheit gemacht werden sollen. Im laufenden Bahnbetrieb ist die eingleisig befahrene Bahnbrücke schwer zugänglich, weshalb die Langzeitmessungen mit Hilfe eines festinstallierten, vollautomatischen Bauwerk-Monitoring-Systems (swissMon) durchgeführt werden. Mit Hilfe dieses Systems können beliebig viele, unterschiedliche Messsensoren zyklisch oder getriggert durch das Überfahren eines Zuges betrieben werden. Die mit swissMon gewonnen Daten sind eine verlässliche Grundlage für weitere Analysen und Modellrechnungen und unterstützen die beteiligten Tragwerksingenieure insbesondere bei der Beurteilung der Ermüdungssicherhei

Characterisation of the mycobacterial NER system reveals novel functions of uvrD1 helicase

In this study, we investigated the role of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway in mycobacterial DNA repair. Mycobacterium smegmatis lacking the NER excinuclease component uvrB, the helicase uvrD1 and a double knock-out lacking both proteins were constructed and their sensitivity to a series of DNA damaging agents wa analysed. As anticipated, the mycobacterial NER system was shown to be involved in the processing of bulky DNA adducts and inter-strand cross-links. In addition, it could be shown to exert a protective effect against oxidising and nitrosating agents. Interestingly, inactivation of uvrB and uvrD1 significantly increased marker integration frequencies in gene conversion assays. This implies that in mycobacteria, which lack the postreplicative mismatch repair system, NER, and particularly the UvrD1 helicase, is involved in the processing of a subset of recombination-associated mismatches