An Assessment of Factors Affecting Private Saving: A Case Study on Anasora Woreda, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

In developing countries like, Ethiopia, where there is low foreign direct investment and low capital inflow  from remittance and export, local saving has a significant effect on investment and national economic development as a source of finance. Though this is the case the saving from some parts of the country, Ethiopia is beyond the expectation from them. Hence this study is made by the target an assessment of factors affecting private saving on Anasoraworeda, using stratified sampling of 268 samples from salaried employees, traders and farmers. The researcher used exploratory type of research conducting as it needs, with the descriptive statistics to analysis the data. With this research result, low income and poor saving culture of the society, seasonality of business, large family size, saving awareness and inaccessibility to financial institutions have greatly impacted the private saving of the woreda. Based on the study findings we recommend that all the economic stakeholders which include the concerned woreda administrators at each level, the financial institutions and the society at large have the responsibility to change the current saving situation of the woreda people. Keywords: private saving, economic growth and development DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/10-7-01 Publication date: April 30th 202

Determinants of Micro and Small Enterprise Growth in Southern Ethiopia

The contributions of micro and small enterprises to create employment opportunity and fostering gross domestic product have been empirically examined. However, the determinants of their growth are different and there are inconsistent findings from the existing research. Thus, the study was conducted to identify micro and small enterprise growth determinants in Southern Ethiopia. The study applied explanatory research design and enterprise managers were taken as a sampling unit. A multi-stage sampling technique was used and the data were collected through questionnaires. The collected data using questionnaire were analyzed using Multiple Linear Regression Model to identify the factors that determine the micro and small enterprise growth. Therefore, the result indicated that among significant independent variables, educational level, work experience, and enterprise age were statistically significant at less than 0.1% significance level. Likewise, social networking and training were statistically significant at less than 1% significance level. Similarly, working area, group collateral, household asset, and attitude were also statistically significant at less than a 5% significance level. Furthermore, all significant variables have a positive relationship with enterprise growth. Keywords: MSEs, Growth, Multiple Linear Regressions, Small DOI: 10.7176/JESD/12-9-04 Publication date:May 31st 202

An Assessment of Factors Affecting Private Saving: A Case Study on Anasora Woreda, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

In developing countries like, Ethiopia, where there is low foreign direct investment and low capital inflow  from remittance and export, local saving has a significant effect on investment and national economic development as a source of finance. Though this is the case the saving from some parts of the country, Ethiopia is beyond the expectation from them. Hence this study is made by the target an assessment of factors affecting private saving on Anasora woreda, using stratified sampling of 268 samples from salaried employees, traders and farmers. The researcher used exploratory type of research conducting as it needs, with the descriptive statistics to analysis the data. With this research result, low income and poor saving culture of the society, seasonality of business, large family size, saving awareness and inaccessibility to financial institutions have greatly impacted the private saving of the woreda. Based on the study findings we recommend that all the economic stakeholders which include the concerned woreda administrators at each level, the financial institutions and the society at large have the responsibility to change the current saving situation of the woreda people. Keywords: saving, private saving, investment, private investment, economic growth and development DOI: 10.7176/DCS/11-1-03 Publication date: January 31st 2021

Subjective wellbeing in a sample of South African, Xhosa people with schizophrenia

Subjective well-being when on neuroleptic treatment (SWBN), has been established as a good predictor of adherence, early response and prognosis in patients with schizophrenia(1, 2). The 20-item subjective well-being under neuroleptic treatment scale (SWN-K 20) is a self-rating scale that has been validated to measure SWBN(3). However, the SWN-K20 has not been previously used in a Low- and Middle-income country (LMIC). Aims and Objectives: This study explored the psychometric properties of SWN-K20 in a sample of Xhosa speaking African patients with schizophrenia, and investigated factors associated with SWBN in this population. Methods: As a part of a large genetic study, 244 study participants with a confirmed diagnosis of schizophrenia completed the translated SWN-K 20 scale. Internal consistency analysis was performed, and convergent analysis and exploratory analysis were conducted using Principal Component Analysis (PCA).Varimax rotation method was selected as we did not assume any correlation of the factors(4). Linear regression methods were used to determine predictors of SWBN in the sample population. Results: The PCA extracted 4 components which cumulatively explained 52.21% of the total variance. The internal consistency of the SWN-K 20 was 0.86 and those of the sub-scales ranged between 0.47 and 0.59. The total scores of the SWN-K 20 demonstrated moderate correlation r= 0.44 with GAF scores. The sub-scale scores had lower correlations ranging between r=.41 and r=.30 with the GAF scores. The total scores on SWN-K20 scale were used to explore factors influencing SWBN. There was a significant correlation between overall subjective well-being score with higher education level, increased illness severity and GAF scores. Discussion and Conclusion: The isiXhosa version of the SWN-20 scale can be used for clinical and research purposes in LMICs but predictors of SWBN in this population differed from those previously established in (high income countries) HICs. The individual sub-scales of the SWN-K20 were less reliable when translated into isiXhosa and hence the subs-scales were not a meaningful measure of specific domains of wellbeing . These findings merit evaluation to determine whether cultural and linguistic specific sub-cales might provide further insight and recommendations for use in South African context. Predictors of SWBN in this LMICs population were not comparable to those in HICs setting(5, 6). Older patients with lower baseline level of education, poor global functioning and less severe symptoms were noted to have lower SWBN and hence at risk of poor compliance. This information could provide guidance for clinicians, researchers and interventions that aim at improving compliance and the treatment experiences of this patient group

Data Protection Legal Reforms in Africa

This work illustrates reform approaches in Africa using an international legal comparative approach. The research uses Tanzania and Senegal as the primary case studies and France, the United Kingdom and Germany as secondary case studies to illustrate how Europe reformed data protection regimes through the transposition of the EU Data Protection Directive of 1995. Chapter one introduces the work; explaining the forces towards data protection regulations and their basis. Chapter two provides for a ‘back-to-back' comparison in three countries (France, Germany and United Kingdom) against the 1995 Data Protection Directive. The idea behind this chapter is to draw a picture on how the legal culture and the pre-existing notions of the right to privacy inform on data protection legal reforms and determines the nature, contents, context and interpretation of adopted regime for data protection. Eventually, all these aspects affect the nature and extent of protection offered regardless of the substance of the law adopted. Chapter three gives a narrative explanation of nature and perceptions of the right to privacy in Africa and how this may affect data protection reforms in Africa. In the same disposition, African customary legal systems and practices are explained providing a reader with a picture of the overall nature of African systems that makes up an African legal culture. The overview of African privacy perception and legal system is necessary for assessing the workability of any data protection regime to be adopted in Africa which in effect answers the first research question. The chapter draws its rationale from chapter two. In understanding African perceptions of privacy and the African legal culture, one can be able to predict the content and context of the reforms and maybe how the judiciary might interpret the laws based on local perceptions and supporting systems. An overview of the African data protection architecture or rather human right architecture is provided in chapter four; ideally to provide a reader with a picture of the enforcement systems in Africa as a continent. This is followed by chapter five discussing the two major legal systems in Africa; the civil law and the common law system. The chapter also illustrates the position of African landscape in relation to legal harmonization/unification. This aspect is considered necessary because data protection regimes are more focused on legal harmonization and hence the question of how well or to what extent Africa as a continent can bring about harmonization in law became inevitable. Eventually, the chapter offers a comparative mirror analysis of the primary case studies, i.e. Senegal and Tanzania. The analysis is made on the reform approach taken, motivation behind the reforms and on the regime erected (this is done through textual analysis of the law and the draft bill respectively). Chapter six concludes the work by answering research questions based on findings and scrutiny from each chapter. It is concluded that there is a very slim chance for the African States to cling on the cultural defence against the adoption of the Western frameworks for data protection. It is also concluded that, lest Africa becomes an active participant in the global process that informs on data protection challenges and regulations, it faces a danger of becoming a puppet of foreign data protection regulation, which may or may not fit African legal culture. The chapter also illustrates how Africa as a continent and the African States individually have taken up data protection reforms blindly. The motivations for the reforms are vaguely stated and unclear. In the majority of legal instruments, the reforms are not taken as a move towards securing and protecting individual rights rather a purely political move influenced by economic motivations. The reforms are to a large extent, a mere impression to align with global data protection regimes and hence lack the political will to enforce the laws

Design concepts for bioreactors in space

Microbial food sources are becoming viable and more efficient alternatives to conventional food sources, especially in the context of closed ecological life support systems (CELSS) in space habitats. Two bioreactor design concepts presented represent two dissimilar approaches to grappling with the absence of gravity in space habitats and deserve to be tested for adoption as important components of the life support function aboard spacecraft, space stations and other extra-terrestrial habitats

Modelling, analysis and comparison of heatsink designs with improved natural convection

The paper presents FEM based study of various heatsink designs. The main aim of the study is to determine and evaluate solutions with improved heat dissipation by utilization of natural convection. Seventeen different cases both classical and proposed by the authors are studied, where each case is examined under three different heat source (in the case with the proposed study a transistor) powers. Results for temperature of the power source and velocity magnitudes in the studied volume are presented and comparted. Experimental verification of the modeling is presented for selected cases

Modelling, analysis and comparison of heat sink designs with improved natural convection

The paper presents FEM based study of various heatsink designs. The main aim of the study is to determine and evaluate solutions with improved heat dissipation by utilization of natural convection. Seventeen different cases both classical and proposed by the authors are studied, where each case is examined under three different heat source (in the case with the proposed study a transistor) powers. Results for temperature of the power source and velocity magnitudes in the studied volume are presented and comparted. Experimental verification of the modeling is presented for selected cases

Is “incidental finding” the best term?: a study of patients’ preferences

There is debate within the genetics community about the optimal term to describe genetic variants unrelated to the test indication, but potentially important for health. Given the lack of consensus and the importance of adopting terminology that promotes effective clinical communication, we sought the opinion of clinical genetics patients

Adolescent mental health research in Tanzania: a study protocol for a priority setting exercise and the development of an interinstitutional capacity strengthening programme

INTRODUCTION: Poor adolescent mental health is a barrier to achieving several sustainable development goals in Tanzania, where adolescent mental health infrastructure is weak. This is compounded by a lack of community and policy maker awareness or understanding of its burden, causes and solutions. Research addressing these knowledge gaps is urgently needed. However, capacity for adolescent mental health research in Tanzania remains limited. The existence of a National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), with a nationwide mandate for research conduct and oversight, presents an opportunity to catalyse activity in this neglected area. Rigorous research priority setting, which includes key stakeholders, can promote efficient use of limited resources and improve both quality and uptake of research by ensuring that it meets the needs of target populations and policy makers. We present a protocol for such a research priority setting study and how it informs the design of an interinstitutional adolescent mental health research capacity strengthening strategy in Tanzania. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: From May 2021, this 6 month mixed-methods study will adapt and merge the James Lind Alliance approach and validated capacity strengthening methodologies to identify priorities for research and research capacity strengthening in adolescent mental health in Tanzania. Specifically, it will use online questionnaires, face-to-face interviews, focus groups, scoping reviews and a consensus meeting to consult expert and adolescent stakeholders. Key evidence-informed priorities will be collaboratively ranked and documented and an integrated strategy to address capacity gaps will be designed to align with the nationwide infrastructure and overall strategy of NIMR. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: National and institutional review board approvals were sought and granted from the National Health Research Ethics Committee of the NIMR Medical Research Coordinating Committee (Tanzania) and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom). Results will be disseminated through a national workshop involving all stakeholders, through ongoing collaborations and published commentaries, reviews, policy briefs, webinars and social media