A Quantitative Study on the Trachea of the Red Sokoto (Maradi) Goat ( Capra hircus

The trachea forms the part of the conducting system which transports air from the external environment to the lungs. The aim of this study was to provide quantitative dimensions of the trachea of Red Sokoto goat (Capra hircus). Quantitative analysis was conducted on nine tracheas from goats (ages were ranged between eight months and three years) without sex variation in this study. The results showed that tracheas were extended from the cricoid cartilage of larynx to the hilus of the lungs, where they were divided into the right and left bronchi. They were structurally composed of the cartilaginous rings that were incomplete dorsally but bridged by tracheal muscles at the ends of the tracheal cartilages. The mean length of the trachea from the first to the last ring was 257 ± 7.11 mm and the number of tracheal rings varied from 35 to 57, with a mean value of 49.33 ± 2.78. The left bronchial mean length (19.78 ± 2.66 mm) was significantly longer than the right (10.44 ± 1.79 mm). The cross-sectional area (CSA) was wider at the intrathoracic area (221.5 ± 0.2 mm2) than cervical area (176 ± 0.1 mm2)

Yam and Moringa oliefera Seed Blend in Lipid Profile Disorders, Kidney and Liver Toxicities, in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats

Background and Aim: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and very prevalent metabolic disease condition characterized by the abnormally high blood sugar level that eventually gives rise to diabetic complications affecting human and animals. Insulin deficiency increases free fatty acid influx and triglyceride levels into the blood, with reciprocal decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level. Numerous plants have in the past been screened for antidiabetic effects. Plants with medicinal property had served as anti-diabetic In this study; three yam varieties namely Dioscorea alata, Dioscorea cayennessis and Dioscorea rotundata sourced from Wuruku Market, Benue State Nigeria were evaluated for possible anti-diabetic effects. Methods: The collected Moringa seeds were processed into flour. Moringa oleifera seed 45 male albino rats assigned into 9 groups of 5 rats each were used for the study. Eight groups were induced with alloxan monohydrate and were confirmed to be diabetic after two days before treatment with Dioscorea alata control (100%) at 90% + 10% commercial feed, DA90%MRGA10% at (90%) +10% commercial feed, Dioscorea rotundata control (100%) at 90+10% commercial feed, DR90%MRGA10%, at (90%) +10% commercial feed, Dioscorea cayennesis control (100%) at 90% + 10% commercial. DC90%MRGA10% at (90%) +10%commercial feed, Moringa seed meal (100%) at 90% + 10% commercial feed, and 100% commercial feed. Both GRP8 (non-diabetic group) and GRP 9 (diabetic untreated group), were feed with rat Chow only. At the end of 28dys, the rats were sacrificed and the kidney, liver toxicities and lipid profile disorders were all investigated. Results: Result generated showed that diabetes caused liver, kidney toxicity and lipid disorder as evidence in the diabetic untreated groups (GRP9).Groups that received yam/moringa seed meal had significantly decreased (P<0.05) triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (Chol), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and VLDL and Serum Liver level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Total protein, Albumin, Creatinine and Urea when compared with diabetic untreated group. Conclusion: A combination of Moringa seed flour and some yam species may be of value in the management of diabetes mellitus and its associated complications