Identification of the muscular proteins of pigs submitted to the eletroforesis in polyacrilamide gel with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS)

Fragments of two pigs muscles of Landrace, Large White, Duroc purebred and crossbred, the eletroforesis was submitted in polyacrilamide gel with SDS, being objectified to verify there would be a specific pattern for pigs and to identify through the molecular weights, the main proteins. The results show that there would be a specific pattern for swine and they were identified miosina heavy chain, actina, troponina, tropomiosina and a light chain of miosina

Characterization of genetic-biochemical polymorphism of enzymes in brazilian Mangalarga mares

In this tudy the polymorphism of transferrins was determined using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in a group of Brazilian Mangalarga mares. Blood plasma samples of 45 mares in reproductive age were used. The existence of patterns of 2, 3 and 4 bands with different mobilities, and of nine transferrin genotypes was demonstrated. Genotypes DD (22.2%) and DF (26.6%) were the most frequent, which is compatible with the situaiton found in the breeds of origin (Adalusian, Thoroughbred and Arabian) of the Mangalarga horse. The allele FfD was the most frequent, and could represent a possible environmental adaptation or a characteristic of sadle horses

Genetic-biochemical polymorphism of enzymes in Brazilian Mangalarga mares

A study was conducted with a group of mares of the Mangalarga breed in Brazil, with the aim of determining the electrophoretic pattern, in polyacrylmide gel, of the enzymes Acid Phosphatase, Alkaline Phosphatase and Peroxidase. Blood plasma samples of 45 mares in reproductive age were used. For Acid Phosphatase, we observed the existence of two alleles, A and B, with allelic frequencies of 0.28 and 0.72, respectively: corresponding to three genotypes AA, AB and BB. Allelic frequency demonstrated that the group was in Hardy-Weinberg-Castle balance. For Alkaline Phosphatase, three genotypes were verified: Type I (HA1), presenting only one band of fast migration; Type II (HA1-HA2 and HA1-HA3), presenting two bands, with HA2 of intermediary position and HA3 of slower motility; and Type III, presenting all three bands HA1, HA2 and HA3. Type I was most frequent, occurring in 21 animals. For Peroxidase, all animals presented a pattern of two bands, designated as genotype I, suggesting that this is a monomorphic locus in the population under study

Optimizing both catalyst preparation and catalytic behaviour for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane of Ni-Sn-O catalysts

[EN] Bulk Ni-Sn-O catalysts have been synthesized, tested in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane and characterized by several physicochemical techniques. The catalysts have been prepared by evaporation of the corresponding salts using several additives in the synthesis gel, i.e. ammonium hydroxide, nitric acid, glyoxylic acid or oxalic acid, in the synthesis gel. The catalysts were finally calcined at 500 degrees C in air. Important changes in the catalytic behaviour have been observed depending on the additive. In fact, an important improvement in the catalytic performance is observed especially when some additives, such as glyoxylic or oxalic acid, are used. Thus the productivity to ethylene multiplies by 6 compared to the reference Ni-Sn-O catalyst if appropriate templates are used, and this is the result of an improvement in both the catalytic activity and the selectivity to ethylene. This improved performance has been explained in terms of the decrease of the crystallite size (and the increase in the surface area of catalyst) as well as the modification of the lattice parameter of nickel oxide.The authors would like to acknowledge the DGICYT in Spain (CTQ2015-68951-C3-1-R and CTQ2012-37925-C03-2) for financial support. We also thank the University of Valencia and SCSIE-UV for assistanceSolsona Espriu, BE.; López Nieto, JM.; Agouram, S.; Soriano Rodríguez, MD.; Dejoz, A.; Vázquez, MI.; Concepción Heydorn, P. (2016). Optimizing both catalyst preparation and catalytic behaviour for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane of Ni-Sn-O catalysts. Topics in Catalysis. 59(17-18):1564-1572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-016-0674-zS156415725917-18Heracleous E, Lee AF, Wilson K, Lemonidou AA (2005) J Catal 231:159–171Heracleous E, Lemonidou AA (2006) J Catal 237:162–174Savova B, Loridant S, Filkova D, Millet JMM (2010) Appl Catal A 390:148–157Heracleous E, Lemonidou AA (2010) J Catal 270:67–75Solsona B, Nieto JML, Concepcion P, Dejoz A, Ivars F, Vazquez MI (2011) J Catal 280:28–39Skoufa Z, Heracleous E, Lemonidou AA (2012) Catal Today 192:169–176Zhu H, Ould-Chikh S, Anjum DH, Sun M, Biausque G, Basset JM, Caps V (2012) J Catal 285:292–303Skoufa Z, Heracleous E, Lemonidou AA (2012) Chem Eng Sci 84:48–56Zhu H, Rosenfeld DC, Anjum DH, Caps V, Basset JM (2015) ChemSusChem 8:1254–1263Heracleous E, Lemonidou AA (2015) J Catal 322:118–129Solsona B, Concepcion P, Demicol B, Hernandez S, Delgado JJ, Calvino JJ, Nieto JML (2012) J Catal 295:104–114Nieto JML, Solsona B, Grasselli RK, Concepción P (2014) Top Catal 57:1248–1255Popescu I, Skoufa Z, Heracleous E, Lemonidou AA, Marcu IC (2015) PCCP 17:8138–8147Zhang X, Gong Y, Yu G, Xie Y (2002) J Mol Catal A 180:293–298Popescu I, Skoufa Z, Heracleous E, Lemonidou A, Marcu I-C (2015) Phys Chem Chem Phys 17:8138–8147Nakamura KI, Miyake T, Konishi T, Suzuki T (2006) J Mol Catal A 260:144–151Solsona B, Dejoz AM, Vazquez MI, Ivars F, Nieto JML (2009) Top Catal 52:751–757Bortolozzi JP, Gutierrez LB, Ulla MA (2013) Appl Catal A 452:179–188Takeguchi T, Furukawa S, Inoue M (2001) J Catal 202:14–24Richardson JT, Turk B, Twigg MV (1996) Appl Catal 148:97–112Biju V, Khadar MA (2002) J Nanopart Res 4:247–253Van Veenendaal MA, Sawatzky GA (1993) Phys Rev Lett 70:2459–2462Vedrine JC, Hollinger G, Duc TM (1978) J Phys Chem 82:1515–1520Salagre P, Fierro JLG, Medina F, Sueiras JE (1996) J Mol Catal A 106:125–13

Moderate exercise and chronic stress produce counteractive effects on different areas of the brain by acting through various neurotransmitter receptor subtypes: A hypothesis

BACKGROUND: Regular, "moderate", physical exercise is an established non-pharmacological form of treatment for depressive disorders. Brain lateralization has a significant role in the progress of depression. External stimuli such as various stressors or exercise influence the higher functions of the brain (cognition and affect). These effects often do not follow a linear course. Therefore, nonlinear dynamics seem best suited for modeling many of the phenomena, and putative global pathways in the brain, attributable to such external influences. HYPOTHESIS: The general hypothesis presented here considers only the nonlinear aspects of the effects produced by "moderate" exercise and "chronic" stressors, but does not preclude the possibility of linear responses. In reality, both linear and nonlinear mechanisms may be involved in the final outcomes. The well-known neurotransmitters serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (D) and norepinephrine (NE) all have various receptor subtypes. The article hypothesizes that 'Stress' increases the activity/concentration of some particular subtypes of receptors (designated nt(s)) for each of the known (and unknown) neurotransmitters in the right anterior (RA) and left posterior (LP) regions (cortical and subcortical) of the brain, and has the converse effects on a different set of receptor subtypes (designated nt(h)). In contrast, 'Exercise' increases nt(h )activity/concentration and/or reduces nt(s )activity/concentration in the LA and RP areas of the brain. These effects may be initiated by the activation of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) (among others) in exercise and its suppression in stress. CONCLUSION: On the basis of this hypothesis, a better understanding of brain neurodynamics might be achieved by considering the oscillations caused by single neurotransmitters acting on their different receptor subtypes, and the temporal pattern of recruitment of these subtypes. Further, appropriately designed and planned experiments will not only corroborate such theoretical models, but also shed more light on the underlying brain dynamics

BAAV Mediated GJB2 Gene Transfer Restores Gap Junction Coupling in Cochlear Organotypic Cultures from Deaf Cx26Sox10Cre Mice

The deafness locus DFNB1 contains GJB2, the gene encoding connexin26 and GJB6, encoding connexin30, which appear to be coordinately regulated in the inner ear. In this work, we investigated the expression and function of connexin26 and connexin30 from postnatal day 5 to adult age in double transgenic Cx26Sox10Cre mice, which we obtained by crossing connexin26 floxed mice with a deleter Sox10–Cre line. Cx26Sox10Cre mice presented with complete connexin26 ablation in the epithelial gap junction network of the cochlea, whereas connexin30 expression was developmentally delayed; immunolabeling patterns for both connexins were normal in the cochlear lateral wall. In vivo electrophysiological measurements in Cx26Sox10Cre mice revealed profound hearing loss accompanied by reduction of endocochlear potential, and functional experiments performed in postnatal cochlear organotypic cultures showed impaired gap junction coupling. Transduction of these cultures with a bovine adeno associated virus vector restored connexin26 protein expression and rescued gap junction coupling. These results suggest that restoration of normal connexin levels by gene delivery via recombinant adeno associated virus could be a way to rescue hearing function in DFNB1 mouse models and, in future, lead to the development of therapeutic interventions in humans

The Novel Mouse Mutation Oblivion Inactivates the PMCA2 Pump and Causes Progressive Hearing Loss

Progressive hearing loss is common in the human population, but we have few clues to the molecular basis. Mouse mutants with progressive hearing loss offer valuable insights, and ENU (N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea) mutagenesis is a useful way of generating models. We have characterised a new ENU-induced mouse mutant, Oblivion (allele symbol Obl), showing semi-dominant inheritance of hearing impairment. Obl/+ mutants showed increasing hearing impairment from post-natal day (P)20 to P90, and loss of auditory function was followed by a corresponding base to apex progression of hair cell degeneration. Obl/Obl mutants were small, showed severe vestibular dysfunction by 2 weeks of age, and were completely deaf from birth; sensory hair cells were completely degenerate in the basal turn of the cochlea, although hair cells appeared normal in the apex. We mapped the mutation to Chromosome 6. Mutation analysis of Atp2b2 showed a missense mutation (2630C→T) in exon 15, causing a serine to phenylalanine substitution (S877F) in transmembrane domain 6 of the PMCA2 pump, the resident Ca2+ pump of hair cell stereocilia. Transmembrane domain mutations in these pumps generally are believed to be incompatible with normal targeting of the protein to the plasma membrane. However, analyses of hair cells in cultured utricular maculae of Obl/Obl mice and of the mutant Obl pump in model cells showed that the protein was correctly targeted to the plasma membrane. Biochemical and biophysical characterisation showed that the pump had lost a significant portion of its non-stimulated Ca2+ exporting ability. These findings can explain the progressive loss of auditory function, and indicate the limits in our ability to predict mechanism from sequence alone

Variation in dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptor genes is associated with working memory processing and response to treatment with antipsychotics

Dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors contribute to modulate prefrontal cortical physiology and response to treatment with antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Similarly, functional variation in the genes encoding these receptors is also associated with these phenotypes. In particular, the DRD2 rs1076560 T allele predicts a lower ratio of expression of D2 short/long isoforms, suboptimal working memory processing, and better response to antipsychotic treatment compared with the G allele. Furthermore, the HTR2A T allele is associated with lower 5-HT2A expression, impaired working memory processing, and poorer response to antipsychotics compared with the C allele. Here, we investigated in healthy subjects whether these functional polymorphisms have a combined effect on prefrontal cortical physiology and related cognitive behavior linked to schizophrenia as well as on response to treatment with secondgeneration antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia. In a total sample of 620 healthy subjects, we found that subjects with the rs1076560 T and rs6314 T alleles have greater fMRI prefrontal activity during working memory. Similar results were obtained within the attentional domain. Also, the concomitant presence of the rs1076560 T/rs6314 T alleles also predicted lower behavioral accuracy during working memory. Moreover, we found that rs1076560 T carrier/rs6314 CC individuals had better responses to antipsychotic treatment in two independent samples of patients with schizophrenia (n¼63 and n¼54, respectively), consistent with the previously reported separate effects of these genotypes. These results indicate that DRD2 and HTR2A genetic variants together modulate physiological prefrontal efficiency during working memory and also modulate the response to antipsychotics. Therefore, these results suggest that further exploration is needed to better understand the clinical consequences of these genotype–phenotype relationships