Novel S1P₁ Receptor Agonists - Part 2: From Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-Fused Thiophenes to Isobutyl Substituted Thiophenes

Previously, we reported on the discovery of a novel series of bicyclo[3.1.0]­hexane fused thiophene derivatives that serve as potent and selective S1P₁ receptor agonists. Here, we discuss our efforts to simplify the bicyclohexane fused thiophene head. In a first step the bicyclohexane moiety could be replaced by a simpler, less rigid cyclohexane ring without compromising the S1P receptor affinity profile of these novel compounds. In a second step, the thiophene head was simplified even further by replacing the cyclohexane ring with an isobutyl group attached either to position 4 or position 5 of the thiophene. These structurally much simpler headgroups again furnished potent and selective S1P₁ agonists (e.g., <b>87</b>), which efficiently and dose dependently reduced the number of circulating lymphocytes upon oral administration to male Wistar rats. For several compounds discussed in this report lymphatic transport is an important route of absorption that may offer opportunities for a tissue targeted approach with minimal plasma exposure

Novel S1P₁ Receptor Agonists – Part 1: From Pyrazoles to Thiophenes

From a high-throughput screening campaign aiming at the identification of novel S1P₁ receptor agonists, the pyrazole derivative <b>2</b> emerged as a hit structure. Medicinal chemistry efforts focused not only on improving the potency of the compound but in particular also on resolving its inherent instability issue. This led to the discovery of novel bicyclo[3.1.0]­hexane fused thiophene derivatives. Compounds with high affinity and selectivity for S1P₁ efficiently reducing the blood lymphocyte count in the rat were identified. For instance, compound <b>85</b> showed EC₅₀ values of 7 and 2880 nM on S1P₁ and S1P₃, respectively, had favorable pharmacokinetic properties in rat and dog, distributed well into brain tissue, and efficiently and dose dependently reduced the blood lymphocyte count in the rat. After oral administration to spontaneously hypertensive rats, the S1P₁ selective compound <b>85</b> showed no effect on mean arterial blood pressure and affected the heart rate during the wake phase of the animals only

Novel S1P₁ Receptor Agonists − Part 3: From Thiophenes to Pyridines

In preceding communications we summarized our medicinal chemistry efforts leading to the identification of potent, selective, and orally active S1P₁ agonists such as the thiophene derivative <b>1</b>. As a continuation of these efforts, we replaced the thiophene in <b>1</b> by a 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridine and obtained less lipophilic, potent, and selective S1P₁ agonists (e.g., <b>2</b>) efficiently reducing blood lymphocyte count in the rat. Structural features influencing the compounds’ receptor affinity profile and pharmacokinetics are discussed. In addition, the ability to penetrate brain tissue has been studied for several compounds. As a typical example for these pyridine based S1P₁ agonists, compound <b>53</b> showed EC₅₀ values of 0.6 and 352 nM for the S1P₁ and S1P₃ receptor, respectively, displayed favorable PK properties, and penetrated well into brain tissue. In the rat, compound <b>53</b> maximally reduced the blood lymphocyte count for at least 24 h after oral dosing of 3 mg/kg