Parentification in Polish Adolescents: a Prevalence Study

This study investigated the prevalence of parentification in a nationwide cross-sectional study. There were N = 47,984 Polish adolescents aged 12–21 (M = 15.60; SD = 1.98; female 52.7%, male 47.3%). The results indicated that more adolescents experienced emotional parentification (toward parents 35.9%; toward siblings 25.2%) as compared to instrumental parentification (toward parents 7.2%; toward siblings 15.5%), which is noteworthy, since emotional parentification is the most detrimental form of parentification in USA samples. Overall, 15.5% of the participants reported a sense of injustice related to their family caregiving roles and 61.2% reported satisfaction related to their family caregiving roles. The results are important given the dearth of prevalence studies

The Process of Parentification in the context of Family Systems Theory

W niniejszym artykule, który ma charakter teoretyczno-przeglądowy, zwrócono uwagę na specyfikę i uwarunkowania ról rodzinnych, charakterystykę dysfunkcyjnego procesu odwracania ról w rodzinie (parentyfikacja), klasyfikacje parentyfikacji oraz pozytywne i negatywne konsekwencje doświadczenia odwrócenia ról między rodzicami a dzieckiem. Polska literatura psychologiczna i pedagogiczna na temat zjawiska parentyfikacji jest skromna zarówno pod względem teoretycznym, jak i empirycznym. Eksplorowanie tego zjawiska jest niezwykle ważne nie tylko ze względu na obciążenie dziecka przerastającymi je obowiązkami, lecz także ze względu na role i zadania rozwojowe, które są właściwe dla wieku dziecka (np. edukacja szkolna, socjalizacja, nawiązywanie więzi z rówieśnikami, budowanie przyjaźni), których ze względu na przytłoczenie obowiązkami dziecko nie może realizować. Należy zatem przyjąć, że gruntowna wiedza na temat parentyfikacji i umiejętność odróżniania jej od podobnych jej zjawisk umożliwi nauczycielom, pedagogom, psychologom, terapeutom i pracownikom socjalnym dokładniejsze dopasowanie interwencji terapeutycznych do potrzeb dziecka i jego rodziny.This review article draws attention to the characteristics and conditions of family roles, the characteristics of the dysfunctional process of reversing roles between family members (parentification), the classifications of parentification as well as positive and negative consequences of experiencing the role reversal between parents and a child. In polish psychological and pedagogical literature there is lack of research on parentification. Exploring this phenomenon is very significant not only because of the fact that parentified children are overwhelmed with responsibilities, but also because of the roles and developmental tasks that are adequate to child’s age (i.e., school education, socialization, establishing relationships with peers, building friendships) that cannot be performed due to being overcharged with the duties imposed by the parents. Therefore, having thorough knowledge of parentification and the ability to distinguish it from the similar phenomena enables teachers, educators, psychologists, therapists and social workers matching more accurate interventions to the needs of the child and its family

Relacja efektu zbieżności z „Ja” z postawami i efektywnością promowania nowego napoju energetycznego

The objective of the study was to verify the relation between the congruity effect between the product ‘personality’ image and one’s self-image with the intention of purchase and valuation, in which attitudes played a mediating role. Analysis of the SEM-PLS structural model showed that the self-convergence effect influenced significantly the level of attitudes, which in turn determined the intention of purchase and willingness to pay for the product. It was shown that one’s emotional attitude increased the amount of payment for a known product and decreased it for the unknown product. On the other hand, the cognitive and behavioral attitude increased the willingness to pay for the unknown product rather than the known one. The results expand the knowledge about the effect of convergence between the personality of the customer and the product image.Nakłady finansowe na marketing firm sprzedających napoje energetyczne (np. Redbull, Tiger, Black) z roku na rok rosną. Kluczowe dla producentów i specjalistów od marketingu jest określenie silnych determinant sprzedaży swoich produktów. Celem artykułu było zweryfikowanie relacji efektu zbieżności obrazu produktu z obrazem własnego „Ja” z intencją zakupu i wartościowaniem, w której postawy odgrywały rolę pośredniczącą. W badaniu wykorzystano reklamę nieznanego i popularnego napoju energetycznego oraz oceniono efekt zbieżności produktu z „Ja”, trzy rodzaje postaw wobec niego, intencję zakupu oraz postrzegane wartościowanie wyrażone w pieniądzach. Analiza modelu strukturalnego SEM-PLS wykazała, że efekt zbieżności z „Ja” wpływał istotnie na poziom postaw, a te z kolei determinowały intencję zakupu i postrzeganą wartość. Wykazano, że przy znanym produkcie postawa emocjonalna zwiększała jego postrzeganą wartość, a przy nieznanym ją zmniejszała. Natomiast postawa poznawcza i behawiorala silniej zwiększała wartość przy nieznanym produkcie niż znanym. Wyniki badania rozszerzają wiedzę o efekcie zbieżności z „Ja” i postaw w kontekście promocji napojów energetycznych. Są one podstawą do strategicznego kreowania wizerunku oraz maksymalizacji zysków przy wprowadzaniu nowego produktu na rynek

The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: Cross-National Measurement Invariance and Convergent Validity Evidence

Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) is a widely used measure that captures somatic symptoms of coronavirus-related anxiety. In a large-scale collaboration spanning 60 countries (Ntotal = 21,513), we examined the CAS’s measurement invariance and assessed the convergent validity of CAS scores in relation to the fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S) and the satisfaction with life (SWLS-3) scales. We utilized both conventional exact invariance tests and alignment procedures, with results revealing that the single-factor model fit the data well in almost all countries. Partial scalar invariance was supported in a subset of 56 countries. To ensure the robustness of results, given the unbalanced samples, we employed resampling techniques both with and without replacement and found the results were more stable in larger samples. The alignment procedure demonstrated a high degree of measurement invariance with 9% of the parameters exhibiting noninvariance. We also conducted simulations of alignment using the parameters estimated in the current model. Findings demonstrated reliability of the means but indicated challenges in estimating the latent variances. Strong positive correlations between CAS and FCV-19S estimated with all three different approaches were found in most countries. Correlations of CAS and SWLS-3 were weak and negative, but significantly differed from zero in several countries. Overall, the study provided support for the measurement invariance of the CAS and offered evidence of its convergent validity while also highlighting issues with variance estimation

Trust in government moderates the association between fear of COVID-19 as well as empathic concern and preventive behaviour

With the COVID-19 pandemic, behavioural scientists aimed to illuminate reasons why people comply with (or not) large-scale cooperative activities. Here we investigated the motives that underlie support for COVID-19 preventive behaviours in a sample of 12,758 individuals from 34 countries. We hypothesized that the associations of empathic prosocial concern and fear of disease with support towards preventive COVID-19 behaviours would be moderated by trust in the government. Results suggest that the association between fear of disease and support for COVID-19 preventive behaviours was strongest when trust in the government was weak (both at individual- and country-level). Conversely, the association with empathic prosocial concern was strongest when trust in the government was high, but this moderation was only found at individual-level scores of governmental trust. We discuss how motivations may be shaped by socio-cultural context, and outline how findings may contribute to a better understanding of collective action during global crises

The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: Cross-National Measurement Invariance and Convergent Validity Evidence

Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) is a widely used measure that captures somatic symptoms of coronavirus-related anxiety. In a large-scale collaboration spanning 60 countries (Ntotal = 21,513), we examined the CAS’s measurement invariance and assessed the convergent validity of CAS scores in relation to the fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S) and the satisfaction with life (SWLS-3) scales. We utilized both conventional exact invariance tests and alignment procedures, with results revealing that the single-factor model fit the data well in almost all countries. Partial scalar invariance was supported in a subset of 56 countries. To ensure the robustness of results, given the unbalanced samples, we employed resampling techniques both with and without replacement and found the results were more stable in larger samples. The alignment procedure demonstrated a high degree of measurement invariance with 9% of the parameters exhibiting noninvariance. We also conducted simulations of alignment using the parameters estimated in the current model. Findings demonstrated reliability of the means but indicated challenges in estimating the latent variances. Strong positive correlations between CAS and FCV-19S estimated with all three different approaches were found in most countries. Correlations of CAS and SWLS-3 were weak and negative, but significantly differed from zero in several countries. Overall, the study provided support for the measurement invariance of the CAS and offered evidence of its convergent validity while also highlighting issues with variance estimation