Frutos de la palmera de catolé (Syagrus oleracea Mart). Composición en ácidos grasos y aminoácidos

Catolé Palm (Syagrus oleracea Mart) Fruits were analysed for their chemical composition. The pulp and kernel portions contained 0.7 and 40.0% lipids. Freshly extracted kernel oil showed a small concentration (0.4 meq/kg) of peroxides but did not contain free fatty acids. The iodine and saponification values were 27.4 and 226, respectively. A large qualitative as well as quantitative difference in the fatty acid composition between the catolé pulp and kernel oil was observed. Fifteen and 19 fatty acids were identified in the pulp and kernel oil, respectively. These oils contained 48.9 and 73.2 % saturated fatty acids. The principal saturated fatty acids of the pulp oil was palmitic (C16) acid, while that of kernel oil was lauric (C12) acid. Oleic acid was the main monounsaturated fatty acid in both oils. In pulp oil, linoleic (C18:2) and linolenic (C18:3) were present at 23.5 and 11,3% concentrations, while kernel oil contained only linoleic acid (3.59%). In relation to amino acid composition of proteins, pulp proteins presented better amino acid profile than kernel proteins. In pulp proteins, the essential amino acids were present at concentrations higher than recommended by FAO except for methionine and lysine, while kernel proteins were deficient in all essential amino acids except phenylalanine, isoleucine and threonine.Los frutos de la Palmera catolé (Syagrus oleracea Mart) fueron analizados para determinar su composición química. Las fracciones de la pulpa y almendra contenían 0,7 y 40.0 % de lípidos. El aceite de almendra fresca mostró una pequeña concentración de peróxidos pero no presentó ácidos grasos libres. El índice de iodo y de saponificación fueron 27,4 y 226, respectivamente. Fue observada una gran diferencia cualitativa como también cuantitativa en la composición de ácidos grasos entre el aceite de la pulpa y de la almendra. 15 y 19 ácidos grasos fueron identificados en el aceite de la pulpa y de la almendra, respectivamente. Esos aceites contenían 48,9 y 73,2 % de ácidos grasos saturados. El principal ácido graso saturado del aceite de la pulpa fue el ácido palmítico (C16), mientras que en el aceites de almendra fue encontrado ácido laúrico (C12). El ácido oleico fue el principal ácido graso monoinsaturado en ambos aceites. En el aceite de la pulpa, ácido linoleico (C18:2) y linolénico (C18:3) estaban presentes en concentraciones de 23.5 y 11.3% respectivamente, mientras que solo el aceite de la almendra contenía 3,59% de ácido linoleico. En relación a la composición de aminoácidos, las proteínas de la pulpa presentaron mejor perfil de aminoácidos que de la almendra. En las proteínas de la pulpa, los aminoácidos esenciales estaban presentes en concentraciones mayores que las recomendadas por la FAO, excepto metionina y lisina, mientras que la proteína de la almendra estaban deficiente en todos los aminoácidos esenciales, excepto fenilalanina, isoleucina y treonina

Caracterización de los aceites de la pulpa y semillas de aguacate (cultivar: Fuerte)

Avocado (Persea americana Mill) pulp and seeds of the cultivar Fuerte, cultivated in the Northeast region of Brazil, were analysed for their proximate composition. The lipid contents of the pulp and seeds were 15.39% and 1.87%, respectively. Hexane extracted oils from pulp and seeds presented similar refractive indices (1.4608 and 1.4592), specific gravity (0.9272 and 0.9300) and peroxide values (1.40 and 1.37), but different acid (2.45 and 4.12), iodine (77.6 and 69.4) and saponification values (178.3 and 231.6), respectively. Gas chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of twenty two and twenty seven fatty acids in pulp and seed oils, respectively. Palmitic acid was the principal saturated acid, present in concentrations of 21.3% in pulp and 20.8% in seed oils. The major difference between these oils was in their mono-unsaturated (C18:1 - 64.3%, for pulp and 15.4% in seed oil) and poly-unsaturated (C18:2 and C18:3 - 9.14% and 0.46%, respectively, in pulp oil and 34.39% and 5.81%, respectively, in seed oil) fatty acids composition.La semilla y pulpa del aguacate (Persea americana Mill), cultivar Fuerte, cultivado en la región del nordeste de Brasil fueron analizados para determinar su composición centesimal. El contenido de lípidos en pulpa y semillas, en la base húmeda fueron 15.39% y 1.87%, respectivamente. Los aceites extraídos de la pulpa y de las semillas por hexano representan similares índices de refracción (1.4608 y 1.4592), densidad específica (0.9272 y 0.9300) e índice de peróxidos (1.40 y 1.37) pero diferentes índices de acidez (2.45 y 4.12), iodo (77.6 y 69.4) y saponificación (178.3 y 231.6), respectivamente. El análisis de cromatografía gaseosa revela la presencia de 22 y 27 ácidos grasos en aceite de pulpa y de semillas, respectivamente. El ácido palmítico fue el principal ácido saturado, presente en concentraciones de 21,3% en pulpa y 20,8% en aceites de semillas. La principal diferencia entre estos aceites fue su contenido de ácidos grasos mono-insaturados (C18:1 -64.3% en aceite de pulpa y 15.4% de semillas) y poli-insaturado (C18:2 y C18:3 -9.14% y 0.46% respectivamente, en aceite de pulpa y 34.39% y 5.81% respectivamente, en aceite de semillas)

Extração, atividade da bromelina e análise de alguns parâmetros químicos em cultivares de abacaxi Extraction, bromelain activity and analysis of some chemical parameters in pineapple varieties from Paraíba

Diante dos riscos e das limitações advindos do cultivo exclusivo de abacaxizeiros Pérola e Smooth Cayenne e visando à variabilidade genética, o Estado da Paraíba estuda material genético diversificado: os híbridos Emepa-01, Imperial e MD-2. objetivando a caracterização destes novos híbridos, avaliaram-se alguns parâmetros químicos e a atividade da bromelina nas polpas e nas cascas de todas as cultivares. o abacaxi Smooth Cayenne apresentou o menor pH (3,44 para polpa e 3,91 para a casca) e a maior acidez titulável (0,56g de ácido cítrico para 100g de polpa e 0,52g de ácido cítrico para 100g de casca), sendo a cultivar mais ácida. Dentre as polpas, as dos abacaxis Pérola e Smooth Cayenne contiveram níveis de açúcares redutores, não redutores e totais significativamente maiores (p<0,05) do que os híbridos, apesar de estes terem valores mais elevados (maior que 30,00) da relação sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável e, consequentemente, maior aceitação pelo consumidor. o extrato bruto da cultivar Imperial apresentou maior atividade proteolítica e teor de proteína tanto na polpa (56,41 U/ml e 7,50 mg de proteína/ml) quanto na casca (68,56 U/ml e 10,40 mg de proteína/mL). Para a atividade específica, a casca do abacaxi Pérola (10,01 U/mg de proteína) contém valor significativamente mais elevado que os encontrados nas demais amostras. No entanto, dentre as polpas, a da cultivar Imperial (7,49 U/mg de proteína) apresenta atividade específica significativamente superior (p<0,05) às demais.<br>Due to the risks and limitations which has come from exclusive cultivation of Pérola and Smooth Cayenne - pineapple plant - and aiming genetic variability, the state of Paraiba provides diversified genetic material cultivating the hybrids Emepa - 01, Imperial and MD-2 pineapple varieties. Aiming the biochemical characterization of those new hybrids, some biochemical parameters were determined: pulp and rind of those cultivars including bromelain activity. Smooth Cayenne pineapple had introduced the smallest pH (3,44 for pulp and 3,91 for rind) and the biggest titled acidity (0,56g of citric acid for 100g of pulp and 0,52g of citric acid for 100g of rind), being the most acid cultivar. Among the pulps the Pérola and the Smooth Cayenne varieties presented levels of reduced, non-reduced and total sugar significantly higher (p<0,05) than the hybrids, in spite of having more elevated values (bigger than 30,00) of the ratio of soluble solids to titled acidity, consequently resulted on a better acceptation by consumers. The crude extract of the Imperial cultivar had the biggest proteolytic activity and protein content in the pulp (56,41 U/ml and 7,50 mg of protein/mL) as well as in the rind (68,56 U/mL and 10,40 mg of protein/mL). For the specific activity, the rind of Pérola pineapple (10,01 U/mg of protein) provided more significantly elevated value (p<0,05) than those ones observed in the other samples. However, the pulp from Imperial cultivar (7,49 U/ mg of protein) presented considerably superior activity if compared to the rest