Effect of micronutrient application by different methods on yield, morphological traits and grain protein percentage of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in greenhouse conditions | Efecto de la aplicación de micronutrimentos mediante diferentes métodos sobre el rendimiento, caracteres morfológicos y porcentaje de proteína del grano de cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.) en condiciones de invernadero

To study effects of different types of fertilization with elements of Iron, Zinc, Manganese and Cupper on quality and quantity performance of barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) a pot style factorial experiment based on randomized block design with three replications was conducted in research greenhouse of Pardis-Saveh agricultural training center in 2010. Experimental factors were included in three levels of soil fertilization with Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu (Copper sulfate and Manganese sulfate 0, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg soil, and Iron sulfate and Zinc sulfate 0, 5 and 10 mg/kg soil) and two levels of solution spraying with these four elements (solutions of 0 and 0.002 Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn Chelate EDTA). None of the treatments used, showed any significant effect on grain protein percentage and number of tiller. Soil fertilization with Fe, Mn and Cu increased yield components significantly while soil fertilizing with Zn not only increased yield components significantly but also increased number of fertile tillers at level of 1%. Result analysis showed that application of Fe in form of solution spray increased grain yield and 1000 grain weight compared to the control while solution spraying of Zn increased grain yield significantly. Results derived from this experiment suggests that in order to increase yield components, number of tillers and number of fertile tillers in barley plant it is better to use soil fertilizing with Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn while for raising of grain protein percentage and improvement of grain yield qualitatively both method of soil fertilizing and solution spraying are recommended. Key words: Barley, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, soil application, solution spraying RESUMEN Para estudiar los efectos de diferentes tipos de fertilización con elementos de hierro, zinc, manganeso y cobre sobre el comportamiento de la calidad y cantidad de cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.) se condujo un experimento factorial en macetas basado en el diseño de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones en el invernadero de investigación del centro de entrenamiento agrícola de Pardis-Saveh en 2010. Los factores experimentales fueron incluidos en tres niveles de fertilización del suelo con Fe, Zn, Mn y Cu (sulfato de cobre y sulfato de manganeso 0; 2,5 y 5 mg/kg de suelo y sulfato de hierro y sulfato de zinc 0, 5 y 10 mg/kg de suelo) y dos niveles de solución de pulverización con estos cuatro elementos (soluciones de 0 y 0,002 Fe, Cu, Mn y Zn Quelato EDTA). Ninguno de los tratamientos utilizados, mostró un efecto significativo sobre el porcentaje de proteína del grano y número de macollas. La fertilización de los suelos con Fe, Mn y Cu aumentó significativamente los componentes del rendimiento mientras la fertilización del suelo con Zn no sólo incrementó significativamente los componentes del rendimiento, sino que también aumentó el número de macollas fértiles al nivel de 1%. El análisis de los resultados mostró que la aplicación de Fe en la forma de solución de pulverización incrementó significativamente el rendimiento de granos y el peso de 1000 granos en comparación con el control mientras que la solución de pulverización de Zn aumentó significativamente el rendimiento de granos. Los resultados derivados de este experimento sugieren que para incrementar los componentes del rendimiento, número de macollas y número de macollas fértiles en la planta de cebada, es mejor el uso de la fertilización del suelo con Fe, Zn, Cu y Mn, mientras que para elevar el porcentaje de proteína del grano y el mejoramiento cualitativo del rendimiento de granos se recomienda tanto el método de la fertilización del suelo como la solución de pulverización. Palabras clave: cebada, hierro, cinc, manganeso, cobre, aplicación al suelo, solución de pulverización

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Are an Influential Factor in Improving the Phytoremediation of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Chromium

The increasing expansion of mines, factories, and agricultural lands has caused many changes and pollution in soils and water of several parts of the world. In recent years, metal(loid)s are one of the most dangerous environmental pollutants, which directly and indirectly enters the food cycle of humans and animals, resulting in irreparable damage to their health and even causing their death. One of the most important missions of ecologists and environmental scientists is to find suitable solutions to reduce metal(loid)s pollution and prevent their spread and penetration in soil and groundwater. In recent years, phytoremediation was considered a cheap and effective solution to reducing metal(loid)s pollution in soil and water. Additionally, the effect of soil microorganisms on increasing phytoremediation was given special attention; therefore, this study attempted to investigate the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in the phytoremediation system and in reducing contamination by some metal(loid)s in order to put a straightforward path in front of other researchers

The Role of <i>Serendipita indica</i> (<i>Piriformospora indica</i>) in Improving Plant Resistance to Drought and Salinity Stresses

Plant stress is one of the biggest threats to crops, causing irreparable damage to farmers’ incomes; Therefore, finding suitable, affordable, and practical solutions will help the agricultural economy and prevent the loss of millions of tons of agricultural products. Scientists have taken significant steps toward improving farm productivity in the last few decades by discovering how beneficial soil microorganisms enhance plant resistance to environmental stresses. Among these microorganisms is Serendipita indica, which the benefits of coexisting this fungus with plant roots have been extensively explored in recent years. By investigating fungus specification and its effects on plants’ morphological, physiological, and molecular traits, the present study seeks to understand how Serendipita indica affects plant resistance to salinity and drought conditions. Furthermore, this study attempts to identify the unknown mechanisms of action of the coexistence of Serendipita indica with plants in the face of stress using information from previous studies. Thus, it provides a way for future research to assess the impact of this fungus on tackling environmental stresses and enhancing agricultural productivity

Correction: Boorboori, M.R.; Zhang, H.-Y. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Are an Influential Factor in Improving the Phytoremediation of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Chromium. <i>J. Fungi</i> 2022, <i>8,</i> 176

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Effect of micronutrient application by different methods on yield, morphological traits and grain protein percentage of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in greenhouse conditions

To study effects of different types of fertilization with elements of Iron, Zinc, Manganese and Cupper on quality and quantity performance of barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) a pot style factorial experiment based on randomized block design with three replications was conducted in research greenhouse of Pardis-Saveh agricultural training center in 2010. Experimental factors were included in three levels of soil fertilization with Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu (Copper sulfate and Manganese sulfate 0, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg soil, and Iron sulfate and Zinc sulfate 0, 5 and 10 mg/kg soil) and two levels of solution spraying with these four elements (solutions of 0 and 0.002 Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn Chelate EDTA). None of the treatments used, showed any significant effect on grain protein percentage and number of tiller. Soil fertilization with Fe, Mn and Cu increased yield components significantly while soil fertilizing with Zn not only increased yield components significantly but also increased number of fertile tillers at level of 1%. Result analysis showed that application of Fe in form of solution spray increased grain yield and 1000 grain weight compared to the control while solution spraying of Zn increased grain yield significantly. Results derived from this experiment suggests that in order to increase yield components, number of tillers and number of fertile tillers in barley plant it is better to use soil fertilizing with Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn while for raising of grain protein percentage and improvement of grain yield qualitatively both method of soil fertilizing and solution spraying are recommended.Para estudiar los efectos de diferentes tipos de fertilización con elementos de hierro, zinc, manganeso y cobre sobre el comportamiento de la calidad y cantidad de cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.) se condujo un experimento factorial en macetas basado en el diseño de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones en el invernadero de investigación del centro de entrenamiento agrícola de Pardis-Saveh en 2010. Los factores experimentales fueron incluidos en tres niveles de fertilización del suelo con Fe, Zn, Mn y Cu (sulfato de cobre y sulfato de manganeso 0; 2,5 y 5 mg/kg de suelo y sulfato de hierro y sulfato de zinc 0, 5 y 10 mg/kg de suelo) y dos niveles de solución de pulverización con estos cuatro elementos (soluciones de 0 y 0,002 Fe, Cu, Mn y Zn Quelato EDTA). Ninguno de los tratamientos utilizados, mostró un efecto significativo sobre el porcentaje de proteína del grano y número de macollas. La fertilización de los suelos con Fe, Mn y Cu aumentó significativamente los componentes del rendimiento mientras la fertilización del suelo con Zn no sólo incrementó significativamente los componentes del rendimiento, sino que también aumentó el número de macollas fértiles al nivel de 1%. El análisis de los resultados mostró que la aplicación de Fe en la forma de solución de pulverización incrementó significativamente el rendimiento de granos y el peso de 1000 granos en comparación con el control mientras que la solución de pulverización de Zn aumentó significativamente el rendimiento de granos. Los resultados derivados de este experimento sugieren que para incrementar los componentes del rendimiento, número de macollas y número de macollas fértiles en la planta de cebada, es mejor el uso de la fertilización del suelo con Fe, Zn, Cu y Mn, mientras que para elevar el porcentaje de proteína del grano y el mejoramiento cualitativo del rendimiento de granos se recomienda tanto el método de la fertilización del suelo como la solución de pulverización

Efecto de la aplicación de micronutrimentos mediante diferentes métodos sobre el rendimiento, caracteres morfológicos y porcentaje de proteína del grano de cebada ( Hordeum vulgare L.) en condiciones de invernadero

To study effects of different types of fertilization with elements of Iron, Zinc, Manganese and Cupper on quality and quantity performance of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) a pot style factorial experiment based on randomized block design with three replications was conducted in research greenhouse of Pardis-Saveh agricultural training center in 2010. Experimental factors were included in three levels of soil fertilization with Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu (Copper sulfate and Manganese sulfate 0, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg soil, and Iron sulfate and Zinc sulfate 0, 5 and 10 mg/kg soil) and two levels of solution spraying with these four elements (solutions of 0 and 0.002 Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn Chelate EDTA). None of the treatments used, showed any significant effect on grain protein percentage and number of tiller. Soil fertilization with Fe, Mn and Cu increased yield components significantly while soil fertilizing with Zn not only increased yield components significantly but also increased number of fertile tillers at level of 1%. Result analysis showed that application of Fe in form of solution spray increased grain yield and 1000 grain weight compared to the control while solution spraying of Zn increased grain yield significantly. Results derived from this experiment suggests that in order to increase yield components, number of tillers and number of fertile tillers in barley plant it is better to use soil fertilizing with Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn while for raising of grain protein percentage and improvement of grain yield qualitatively both method of soil fertilizing and solution spraying are recommended.Para estudiar los efectos de diferentes tipos de fertilización con elementos de hierro, zinc, manganeso y cobre sobre el comportamiento de la calidad y cantidad de cebada ( Hordeum vulgare L.) se condujo un experimento factorial en macetas basado en el diseño de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones en el invernadero de investigación del centro de entrenamiento agrícola de Pardis-Saveh en 2010. Los factores experimentales fueron incluidos en tres niveles de fertilización del suelo con Fe, Zn, Mn y Cu (sulfato de cobre y sulfato de manganeso 0; 2,5 y 5 mg/kg de suelo y sulfato de hierro y sulfato de zinc 0, 5 y 10 mg/kg de suelo) y dos niveles de solución de pulverización con estos cuatro elementos (soluciones de 0 y 0,002 Fe, Cu, Mn y Zn Quelato EDTA). Ninguno de los tratamientos utilizados, mostró un efecto significativo sobre el porcentaje de proteína del grano y número de macollas. La fertilización de los suelos con Fe, Mn y Cu aumentó significativamente los componentes del rendimiento mientras la fertilización del suelo con Zn no sólo incrementó significativamente los componentes del rendimiento, sino que también aumentó el número de macollas fértiles al nivel de 1%. El análisis de los resultados mostró que la aplicación de Fe en la forma de solución de pulverización incrementó significativamente el rendimiento de granos y el peso de 1000 granos en comparación con el control mientras que la solución de pulverización de Zn aumentó significativamente el rendimiento de granos. Los resultados derivados de este experimento sugieren que para incrementar los componentes del rendimiento, número de macollas y número de macollas fértiles en la planta de cebada, es mejor el uso de la fertilización del suelo con Fe, Zn, Cu y Mn, mientras que para elevar el porcentaje de proteína del grano y el mejoramiento cualitativo del rendimiento de granos se recomienda tanto el método de la fertilización del suelo como la solución de pulverización

Usage of Si, P, Se, and Ca Decrease Arsenic Concentration/Toxicity in Rice, a Review

Rice is one of the most important routes for arsenic to enter the human food chain and threatens more than half of the world’s population. In addition, arsenic-contaminated soils and waters increase the concentration of this element in various tissues of rice plants. Thus, direct or indirect—infecting livestock and poultry—increase diseases such as respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and ultimately death in the long term. Therefore, finding different ways to reduce the uptake and transfer of arsenic by rice would reduce the contamination of rice plants with this dangerous element and improve animal and human nutrition and ultimately disease and mortality. In this article, we aim to take a small step in improving sustainable life on earth by referring to the various methods that researchers have taken to reduce rice contamination by arsenic in recent years. Adding micronutrients and macronutrients as fertilizer for rice is one way to improve this plant’s growth and health. In this study, by examining two types of macronutrients and two types of micronutrients, their role in reducing arsenic toxicity and absorption was investigated. Therefore, both calcium and phosphorus were selected from the macronutrients, and selenium and silicon were selected from the micronutrients, whose roles in previous studies had been investigated

The role of silicon to increase arsenic tolerance in rice (oryza sativa l.) seedlings by reinforcing anti-oxidative defense

Arsenic is a toxic metalloid which can cause severe problems to plants. On the other hand, silicon is a beneficial element, which supports plants to build resistance under stressed conditions. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of silicon and arsenic on the various enzymatic, and non-enzymatic antioxidants, in shoots and roots of two rice seedlings (Du-WT and DUOE), for one and two weeks. Seedlings were exposed to four different culture media: a) Control; b) 0.70 mM Si+no As; c) 30 μM As+no Si; d) 30 μM As+0.70 mM Si. Culture media and rice genotypes were arranged in a 8-treatment factorial with three replications. Results showed that response to silicon, arsenic and or combination of them in unstressed rice plants followed similar patterns, and varied depending upon the antioxidant. The addition of As always decreased the values, but together with silicon there was a partial recovery of them. The pattern of plant response was similar regardless the plant tissue or time of exposure to As. Transgenic Dullar rice, under As stress conditions, activated the highest level of antioxidants, especially when seedlings were treated with silicon.Rol del silicio en el incremento de la tolerancia al arsénico en plántulas de arroz mediante el refuerzo de la defensa antioxidativa El arsénico es un metaloide tóxico que puede causar graves problemas a las plantas. Por su parte, el silicio es un elemento beneficioso, que ayuda a desarrollar resistencia en condiciones de estrés. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto del silicio y el arsénico sobre diversos antioxidantes enzimáticos y no enzimáticos, en brotes y raíces de plántulas de dos genotipos de arroz (Du-WT y DU-OE), durante 1 y 2 semanas. Las plántulas fueron expuestas a cuatro medios de cultivo diferentes: a) Control; b) 0,70 mM Si+no As; c) 30 μM As+no Si; d) 30 μM As+0.70 mM Si. Los medios de cultivo y los genotipos de arroz se organizaron en un factorial de 8 tratamientos con three repeticiones. La respuesta al silicio, el arsénico, y la combinación de ellos en plantas sin estrés siguió patrones similares y varió según el antioxidante. La adición de As siempre disminuyó los valores, pero junto con el silicio produjo una recuperación parcial de los mismos. El patrón de respuesta de la planta fue similar, independientemente del tejido o el tiempo de exposición al As. El arroz Dullar transgénico, bajo condiciones de estrés, activó el nivel más alto de antioxidantes, especialmente cuando las plántulas fueron tratadas con silici

Comparison of Silicon-Evoked Responses on Arsenic Stress between Different Dular Rice Genotypes

Arsenic is one of the most hazardous metalloids in nature, and due to its high water solubility, it is one of the most important causes of pollution. However, silicon reduces the uptake and transport of arsenic in rice. This study investigates the interaction of different arsenic and silicon levels on dry weight, protein content, and concentrations of arsenic and silicon in two different rice shoots and roots of Dular wild-type (DU-WT) and Dular Lsi1-overexpressed (DU-OE) rice. It should be noted that all seedlings were subjected to four different treatments. For RNA-seq and qPCR, the DU-WT genotype was selected as the control and DU-OE as the treatment. With the addition of silicone treatment, dry weight and protein content in the shoots and roots of both rice lines were increased, while the concentration of arsenic in these two organs was decreased. When seedlings were exposed to arsenic treatments, protein content, silicon concentration, and dry weight were decreased in both roots and shoots, while arsenic concentration was increased in both rice genotypes. The RNA-seq in DU-OE showed 5823 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 2604 were up-regulated and 3219 down-regulated. Treatment of rice by arsenic and silicon has changed the expression of genes encoding cytokinin-responsive GATA transcription factor 1, protein IN2-1 homolog B, calcium-binding EGF domain-containing protein, Os01g0369700 protein, probable glutathione S-transferase GSTU1, glutathione S-transferase protein, Os09g0367700 protein, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP), and Os08g0522400 protein in the root of DU-OE. The present study’s findings showed that in the presence of silicon, the transgenic genotype is much more resistant to arsenic than the wild genotype of Dular rice

Transcriptome analysis of Pseudostellaria heterophylla in response to the infection of pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum

Abstract Background Pseudostellaria heterophylla (P. heterophylla), a herbaceous perennial, belongs to Caryophyllaceae family and is one of the Chinese herbal medicine with high pharmacodynamic value. It can be used to treat the spleen deficiency, anorexia, weakness after illness and spontaneous perspiration symptoms. Our previous study found that consecutive monoculture of Pseudostellaria heterophylla could lead to the deterioration of the rhizosphere microenvironment. The specialized forms of pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.Sp. heterophylla (F. oxysporum) in rhizosphere soils of P. heterophylla plays an important role in the consecutive monoculture of P. heterophylla. Results In this study, F. oxysporum was used to infect the tissue culture plantlets of P. heterophylla to study the responding process at three different infection stages by using RNA-sequencing. We obtained 127,725 transcripts and 47,655 distinct unigenes by de novo assembly and obtained annotated information in details for 25,882 unigenes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis and the real-time quantitative PCR results suggest that the calcium signal system and WRKY transcription factor in the plant-pathogen interaction pathway may play an important role in the response process, and all of the WRKY transcription factor genes were divided into three different types. Moreover, we also found that the stimulation of F. oxysporum may result in the accumulation of some phenolics in the plantlets and the programmed cell death of the plantlets. Conclusions This study has partly revealed the possible molecular mechanism of the population explosion of F. oxysporum in rhizosphere soils and signal response process, which can be helpful in unraveling the role of F. oxysporum in consecutive monoculture problems of P. heterophylla