Effect of maternal education on test uptake in different malaria endemicities.

<p>Figure legend: ▴, Secondary or higher schooling versus no schooling; •, Primary schooling versus no schooling. Mixed-effects logistic regression model in pooled dataset of 13 surveys, adjusted for data clustering and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095483#pone-0095483-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a> covariates. Stable transmission categories refer to low (<i>Pf</i>PR_2–10<5%), moderate (<i>Pf</i>PR_2–10 5%–40%) and high (<i>Pf</i>PR_2–10>40%).</p

Effect of source of care, malaria endemicity and socioeconomic covariates on test uptake.

<p>CI refers to confidence interval. AOR refers to adjusted odds ratio. COR refers to crude odds ratio.</p>a<p>Mixed-effects logistic regression model in pooled dataset of 13 surveys, adjusted for data clustering and above covariates.</p>b<p>COR (source of care): non-hospital = 0.56 (95% CI: 0.51–0.62); community health worker = 0.30 (95% CI: 0.21–0.41); pharmacy = 0.06 (95% CI: 0.05–0.08); other = 0.09 (95% CI: 0.07–0.12); no care sought = 0.04 (95% CI: 0.04–0.05). Non-hospital formal medical refers to any formal medical source that is not a hospital or CHW. Other refers to traditional practitioners, shops, relatives/friends, or other non-specified locations.</p>c<p>COR (malaria endemicity): no transmission = 0.51 (95% CI: 0.38–0.70); unstable transmission = 5.67 (95% CI: 0.44–73.6); moderate stable transmission = 1.35 (95% CI: 1.12–1.63); high stable transmission = 0.67 (95% CI: 0.55–0.81). No risk areas refer to non-endemic areas. Unstable malaria transmission refers to areas of very low but non-zero transmission. Stable transmission categories refer to low (<i>Pf</i>PR_2–10<5%), moderate (<i>Pf</i>PR_2–10 5%–40%) and high (<i>Pf</i>PR_2–10>40%).</p

Characteristics of febrile children less than five years old reportedly tested in 13 countries.

a<p>Children less than five years old reportedly having fever in the 2 weeks prior to the interview.</p>b<p>Febrile children less than five years old reportedly receiving a finger or heel stick for testing.</p>c<p>Non-hospital formal medical refers to any formal medical source that is not a hospital or CHW. Other refers to traditional practitioners, shops, relatives/friends, or other non-specified locations.</p>d<p>No transmission refer to non-endemic areas. Unstable transmission refers to areas of very low but non-zero malaria transmission. Stable transmission categories refer to low (<i>Pf</i>PR_2–10<5%), moderate (<i>Pf</i>PR_2–10 5%–40%) and high (<i>Pf</i>PR_2–10>40%).</p

Flow chart of inclusion criteria for study.

<p>Flow chart of inclusion criteria for study.</p

Forest plot of test uptake at non-hospital sources versus hospitals in each country.

<p>Figure legend: CI refers to confidence interval. Mixed-effects logistic regression models adjusted for data clustering and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095483#pone-0095483-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a> covariates. AOR <1.0 indicates reduced odds of testing at non-hospital sources compared to hospitals.</p

MOESM2 of Treatment-seeking rates in malaria endemic countries

Additional file 2: Title: National level treatment-seeking and indicator data for malaria-endemic countries. Description: Treatment-seeking data extracted from national surveys and national-level indicator data from the World Bank are provided here along with the predicted estimates derived from the models described in the main text and Additional file 1

MOESM1 of Treatment-seeking rates in malaria endemic countries

Additional file 1: Supplementary information for: Gap filling country-level knowledge of treatment-seeking behaviour in malaria-endemic countries. Description: Supplementary methods, additional figures and tables regarding model development and validation are shown here

Observations of <i>Pv</i> across Africa in relation to the distributions of hypothesised ape reservoir hosts [63] (based on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species distribution maps [66]) and regions of highest frequencies of Duffy negativity (Fy(a-b-)) [4].

<p>Observations of <i>Pv</i> across Africa in relation to the distributions of hypothesised ape reservoir hosts [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004222#pntd.0004222.ref063" target="_blank">63</a>] (based on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species distribution maps [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004222#pntd.0004222.ref066" target="_blank">66</a>]) and regions of highest frequencies of Duffy negativity (Fy(a-b-)) [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004222#pntd.0004222.ref004" target="_blank">4</a>].</p

Composite map of the evidence of <i>Pv</i> transmission in sub-Saharan Africa, summarised to the Admin1 unit.

<p>Composite map of the evidence of <i>Pv</i> transmission in sub-Saharan Africa, summarised to the Admin1 unit.</p

Characteristics of the <i>Pv</i>PR dataset (n = 1,546).

<p>Only surveys of ≥50 individuals are included, and <i>Pv</i>PR values are adjusted to the 1–99 age range. Panel A shows the <i>Pv</i>PR values, their spatial distribution and the diagnostic method used for each survey. Panel B is a scatterplot of the relationship between the proportion of the population at risk of <i>Pv</i> infection (represented by the proportion of the population Fy+) and the proportion of individuals infected with <i>Pv</i> (<i>Pv</i>PR).</p