131 research outputs found

    The SspA subtilisin-like protease of Streptococcus suis triggers a pro-inflammatory response in macrophages through a non-proteolytic mechanism

    Get PDF
    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Streptococcus suis </it>is a major swine pathogen worldwide that causes meningitis, septicemia, arthritis, and endocarditis. Using animal models, a surface-associated subtilisin-like protease (SspA) has recently been shown to be an important virulence factor for <it>S. suis</it>. In this study, we hypothesized that the <it>S. suis </it>SspA subtilisin-like protease may modulate cytokine secretion by macrophages thus contributing to the pathogenic process of meningitis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-differentiated U937 macrophages were stimulated with recombinant SspA prior to monitor cytokine secretion by ELISA. Our results indicated that the recombinant SspA was able to dose-dependently induce IL-1ÎČ, IL-6, TNF-α, CXCL8 and CCL5 secretion in macrophages. The heat-inactivated protease was still able to induce cytokine secretion suggesting a non-proteolytic mechanism of macrophage activation. Using specific kinase inhibitors, evidence were bought that cytokine secretion by macrophages stimulated with the recombinant SspA involves the mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway. While stimulation of macrophages with low concentrations of recombinant SspA was associated to secretion of high amounts of CCL5, the use of recombinant SspA at a high concentration resulted in low amounts of CCL5 detected in the conditioned medium. This was found to be associated with a proteolytic degradation of CCL5 by SspA. The ability of SspA to induce cytokine secretion in macrophages was confirmed using a mutant of <it>S. suis </it>deficient in SspA expression.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In conclusion, this study identified a new mechanism by which the <it>S. suis </it>SspA may promote central nervous system inflammation associated with meningitis.</p

    Caractérisation de nouveaux facteurs de virulence chez Streptococcus suis

    Get PDF
    Les cas d'infections Ă  Streptococcus suis sont trĂšs rĂ©pandus dans tous les pays producteurs de porcs. Cet organisme est Ă©galement reconnu comme un agent de zoonose pour les personnes en contact Ă©troit avec les porcs ou leurs produits dĂ©rivĂ©s. De nombreux rapports indiquent que depuis le dĂ©but des annĂ©es soixante-dix, le nombre de cas d'infections ainsi que la gravitĂ© des infections Ă  S. suis ont considĂ©rablement augmentĂ©. Un temps d'incubation plus court, une progression plus rapide de la maladie, un taux plus Ă©levĂ© de mortalitĂ© soulignent la nĂ©cessitĂ© urgente de mieux comprendre les facteurs associĂ©s Ă  la pathogenĂšse de l'infection par S. suis. Des 35 serotypes dĂ©crits, le serotype 2 demeure le plus frĂ©quemment associĂ© Ă  un phĂ©nomĂšne de septicĂ©mie et Ă  des cas de maladies telles que les mĂ©ningites, endocardites et pneumonies. C'est Ă©galement le serotype le plus souvent retrouvĂ© chez l'humain et le porc. La pathogenĂšse de l'infection causĂ©e par S. suis est encore relativement mal connue. La prĂ©sence d'une capsule riche en acide sialique est classiquement considĂ©rĂ©e comme un facteur de virulence essentiel, mais rĂ©cemment d'autres facteurs ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© citĂ©s. Cette Ă©tude avait pour but d'identifier et de caractĂ©riser de nouveaux dĂ©terminants de virulence chez S. suis. Dans un premier temps, la capacitĂ© de S. suis Ă  former un biofilm a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e. Il a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ© que la prĂ©sence de fibrinogĂšne pouvait induire la formation d'un biofilm chez S. suis. Un mutant dĂ©ficient pour l'expression de la capsule de mĂȘme que des souches non-sĂ©rotypables de S. suis dĂ©pourvues de capsule ont montrĂ© une capacitĂ© de former un biofilm sans apport de fibrinogĂšne. Il a Ă©tĂ© suggĂ©rĂ© que la capsule chez S. suis pourait cacher des adhĂ©sines de surface et ainsi interfĂ©rer avec la formation du biofilm et les capacitĂ©s d'adhĂ©sion. Dans un second temps, l'utilisation d'un mutant de S. suis dĂ©ficient pour une pseudo-subtilisine a permis de dĂ©montrer le rĂŽle critique de cette protease pour le dĂ©veloppement d'une infection dans un modĂšle de souris. La pseudo-subtilisine de S. suis a Ă©tĂ© clonĂ©e, purifiĂ©e et caractĂ©risĂ©e. Certaines protĂ©ines de l'hĂŽte comme le fibrinogĂšne se sont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©es susceptibles Ă  la protease. Une stimulation de macrophages par la pseudo-subtilisine recombinante a induit Ă  une forte sĂ©crĂ©tion de cytokines pro-inflammatoires. Lors d'infections expĂ©rimentales Ă  S. suis chez le porc, les animaux ont dĂ©veloppĂ© des anticorps dirigĂ©s contre la pseudo-subtilisine, suggĂ©rant ainsi que cette protease reprĂ©sente un immunogĂšne d'intĂ©rĂȘt pour la vaccination. Enfin, un nouveau modĂšle pour l'analyse de la virulence de S. suis a Ă©tĂ© mis au point utilisant l'amibe Dictyostelium discoideum. Ce modĂšle a mis en Ă©vidence des diffĂ©rences majeures entre des souches sauvages virulentes de S. suis et des mutants ayant une virulence attĂ©nuĂ©e dans des modĂšles animaux classiques. En conclusion, ce projet a permis d'amĂ©liorer nos connaissances des mĂ©canismes Ă©tiopathogĂ©niques des infections Ă  S. suis et a ouvert de nouvelles perspectives de prĂ©vention et traitement de ces infections

    Detection of streptococcus suis in bioaerosols of swine confinement buildings

    Get PDF
    Streptococcus suis is an important swine pathogen that can cause septicemia, meningitis, and pneumonia. Also recognized as an emerging zoonotic agent, it is responsible for outbreaks of human infections in Asian countries. Serotype 2 is the predominant isolate from diseased animals and humans. The aerosolization of S. suis in the air of swine confinement buildings (SCB) was studied. The presence of S. suis in bioaerosols was monitored in SCB where cases of infection had been reported and in healthy SCB without reported infections. Using a quantitative-PCR (qPCR) method, we determined the total number of bacteria (1 × 108 to 2 × 108 airborne/m3), total number of S. suis bacteria (4 × 105 to 10 × 105 airborne/m3), and number of S. suis serotype 2 and 1/2 bacteria (1 × 103 to 30 × 103 airborne/m3) present in the air. S. suis serotypes 2 and 1/2 were detected in the air of all growing/finishing SCB that had documented cases of S. suis infection and in 50% of healthy SCB. The total number of bacteria and total numbers of S. suis and S. suis serotype 2 and 1/2 bacteria were monitored in one positive SCB during a 5-week period, and it was shown that the aerosolized S. suis serotypes 2 and 1/2 remain airborne for a prolonged period. When the effect of aerosolization on S. suis was observed, the percentage of intact S. suis bacteria (showing cell membrane integrity) in the air might have been up to 13%. Finally S. suis was found in nasal swabs from 14 out of 21 healthy finishing-SCB workers, suggesting significant exposure to the pathogen. This report provides a better understanding of the aerosolization, prevalence, and persistence of S. suis in SCB

    Differential distribution of Odonates and indigenous and exogenous salmonids in Orlu Protected Area (AriĂšge, France)

    Get PDF
    Species introduction may constitute an important threat to indigenous biodiversity. The naturalization of Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis in the Orlu Protected Area (AriĂšge, France) may affect local communities, especially Odonates. We surveyed the wetlands of this protected area in order to compare the distributions of Odonates and salmonids. Our results showed that the Brook Trout was absent in nearly all reproduction sites of Odonates. Brown Trout Salmo trutta fario was present in some of these sites. The sites where salmonids were present generally hosted few or no Odonates. Other sites were characterized by a relatively important typological and odonatological diversity, with specific assemblages that often showed an ecological and/or a heritage value. The spatial segregation was more conspicuous between Brook Trout and Odonates than between these latter and Brown Trout. Then, an eventual impact of Brook Trout on Odonates is plausible, but remains unconfirmed in our study in the absence of local data on the microhabitats occupied by both taxaL'introduction d'espĂšces peut constituer une menace importante pour la biodiversitĂ© indigĂšne. La naturalisation du Saumon de fontaine Savelinus fontinalis dans la RĂ©serve Nationale de Chasse et de Faune Sauvage d'Orlu (AriĂšge, France) est ainsi susceptible d'affecter les communautĂ©s locales et notamment les Odonates. Nous avons inventoriĂ© les Odonates et les SalmonidĂ©s dans les milieux humides de la rĂ©serve afin de comparer leurs distributions. Nos rĂ©sultats montrent que le Saumon de fontaine est absent de presque tous les sites de reproduction d'Odonates. La Truite fario Salmo trutta fario est prĂ©sente sur quelques uns de ces sites. Les sites de prĂ©sence de SalmonidĂ©s accueillent gĂ©nĂ©ralement peu ou pas d'Odonates. Une diversitĂ© typologique et odonatologique assez importante caractĂ©rise les autres sites, avec des assemblages spĂ©cifiques, prĂ©sentant souvent un intĂ©rĂȘt Ă©cologique et/ou patrimonial. La sĂ©grĂ©gation spatiale est apparue plus marquĂ©e entre le Saumon de fontaine et les Odonates qu'entre ces derniers et la Truite fario. Un Ă©ventuel impact du Saumon de fontaine sur les Odonates est donc plausible mais, en l'absence de donnĂ©es locales sur les microhabitats occupĂ©s par ces taxons, reste Ă  confirmer

    Detection and quantification of airborne norovirus during outbreaks in healthcare facilities

    Get PDF
    Background. Noroviruses are responsible for at least 50% of all gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. Noroviruses GII can infect humans via multiple routes including direct contact with an infected person, fecal matter, or vomitus, and contact with contaminated surfaces. Although norovirus is an intestinal pathogen, aerosols could, if inhaled, settle in the pharynx and later be swallowed. The aims of this study were to investigate the presence of norovirus GII bioaerosols during gastroenteritis outbreaks in healthcare facilities and to study the in vitro effects of aerosolization and air sampling on the noroviruses using murine norovirus as a surrogate. Methods. A total of 48 air samples were collected during norovirus outbreaks in 8 healthcare facilities. Samples were taken 1 m away from each patient, in front of the patient's room and at the nurses' station. The resistance to aerosolization stress of murine norovirus type 1 (MNV-1) bioaerosols was also tested in vitro using an aerosol chamber. Results. Norovirus genomes were detected in 6 of 8 healthcare centers. The concentrations ranged from 1.35 × 101 to 2.35 × 103 genomes/m3 in 47% of air samples. MNV-1 preserved its infectivity and integrity during in vitro aerosol studies. Conclusions. Norovirus genomes are frequently detected in the air of healthcare facilities during outbreaks, even outside patients' rooms. In addition, in vitro models suggest that this virus may withstand aerosolization

    Le soufflage systématique des poussiÚres urbaines = Exposition chronique aux microorganismes et au bruit

    Get PDF
    Introduction. Les poussiĂšres prĂ©sentes sur la voie publique sont un mĂ©lange complexe constituĂ©es de la sĂ©dimentation de particules contenant des polluants primaires – Ă©mis directement par diffĂ©rentes sources prĂ©sentes dans l’environnement – et de polluants secondaires – formĂ©s par des rĂ©actions chimiques entre plusieurs polluants primaires ou entre polluants primaire et substrat (sol, route etc.). Une catĂ©gorie de ses polluants est reprĂ©sentĂ©e par les agents biologiques qui peuvent ĂȘtre irritatifs, allergĂšnes ou infectieux selon leur concentration et leur nature. Ces germes sont naturellement prĂ©sents dans l’environnement urbain, particuliĂšrement dans les dĂ©chets vĂ©gĂ©taux (par exemple feuilles mortes) et les fĂšces des animaux. Pour entretenir un environnement urbain « propre », le soufflage est frĂ©quemment utilisĂ©. La question se pose en quelle mesure cette mĂ©thode de nettoyage ne remet pas en suspension les poussiĂšres urbaines Ă  une concentration telle quelle pourrait ĂȘtre nocive pour la santĂ© des travailleurs effectuant cette tĂąche. Cette concentration est dĂ©pendante des sources potentielles prĂ©sentes Ă  chaque site nettoyĂ© ainsi que des conditions mĂ©tĂ©orologiques. MatĂ©riel et MĂ©thodes. Pour Ă©valuer le risque, des prĂ©lĂšvements personnels en mode actif ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©s sur des porteurs de la souffleuse Ă  l’aide d’un Ă©chantillonneur IOM Ă©quipĂ© d’un filtre polycarbonate reliĂ© Ă  une pompe calibrĂ©e. Les pics d’exposition ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©s grĂące Ă  des prĂ©lĂšvements actifs ponctuels Ă  proximitĂ© des travailleurs avec des collecteurs de bioaerosols Ă  haut dĂ©bit. La dĂ©tection et le dĂ©nombrement des moisissures a Ă©tĂ© faite par culture sur milieu Dichloran Glycerol Agar (DG18) et celle des germes aĂ©robes mĂ©sophiles sur milieu Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA). Les diffĂ©rents microorganismes prĂ©sents en culture ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ© par voie molĂ©culaire. Lors de l’activitĂ©, la rĂ©action des passants a Ă©tĂ© notĂ© et les travailleurs ont Ă©tĂ© interrogĂ© sur leur bien-ĂȘtre pendant qu’ils effectuaient cette tĂąche. RĂ©sultats. L’analyse des prĂ©lĂšvement personnels a mis en Ă©vidence que les travailleurs Ă©taient exposĂ©s Ă  des concentrations en moisissures cultivables supĂ©rieures Ă  la valeur recommandĂ©e de 103 unitĂ©s formant colonie (UFC)/m3 avec des pics d’exposition Ă  106 UFC/m3. Leur exposition aux germes aĂ©robes mĂ©sophiles Ă©tait juste en dessous de la valeur recommandĂ©e de 104 UFC/m3. De plus, la diversitĂ© des germes remis en suspension par soufflage – bactĂ©ries et moisissures – Ă©tait importante, seul un petit nombre d’espĂšces correspondant Ă  ceux prĂ©sents dans l’air ambiant. Le soufflage dĂ©clenchait l’agressivitĂ© des passants, ce qui affectait directement le bien-ĂȘtre des travailleurs pendant cette tĂąche. Conclusion. Le soufflage de la voirie remet en suspension les microorganismes prĂ©sents dans les poussiĂšres urbaines Ă  une concentration telle quelle reprĂ©sente un risque pour la santĂ© des travailleurs effectuant cette tĂąche. L’employeur devrait fournir un Ă©quipement de protection individuelle complet et sensibiliser les travailleurs concernĂ©s aux risques pour la santĂ© encourus lors de l’activitĂ© de soufflage. Il est vivement encouragĂ© Ă  trouver une solution alternative pour le nettoyage de la voirie

    The cell envelope subtilisin-like proteinase is a virulence determinant for Streptococcus suis

    Get PDF
    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Streptococcus suis </it>is a major swine pathogen and zoonotic agent that mainly causes septicemia, meningitis, and endocarditis. It has recently been suggested that proteinases produced by <it>S. suis </it>(serotype 2) are potential virulence determinants. In the present study, we screened a <it>S. suis </it>mutant library created by the insertion of Tn<it>917 </it>transposon in order to isolate a mutant deficient in a cell surface proteinase. We characterized the gene and assessed the proteinase for its potential as a virulence factor.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Two mutants (G6G and M3G) possessing a single Tn<it>917 </it>insertion were isolated. The affected gene coded for a protein (SSU0757) that shared a high degree of identity with <it>Streptococccus thermophilus </it>PrtS (95.9%) and, to a lesser extent, with <it>Streptococcus agalactiae </it>CspA (49.5%), which are cell surface serine proteinases. The SSU0757 protein had a calculated molecular mass of 169.6 kDa and contained the catalytic triad characteristic of subtilisin family proteinases: motif I (Asp<sub>200</sub>), motif II (His<sub>239</sub>), and motif III (Ser<sub>568</sub>). SSU0757 also had the Gram-positive cell wall anchoring motif (Leu-Pro-X-Thr-Gly) at the carboxy-terminus, which was followed by a hydrophobic domain. All the <it>S. suis </it>isolates tested, which belonged to different serotypes, possessed the gene encoding the SSU0757 protein. The two mutants devoid of subtilisin-like proteinase activity had longer generation times and were more susceptible to killing by whole blood than the wild-type parent strain P1/7. The virulence of the G6G and M3G mutants was compared to the wild-type strain in the CD1 mouse model. Significant differences in mortality rates were noted between the P1/7 group and the M3G and G6G groups (<it>p </it>< 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In summary, we identified a gene coding for a cell surface subtilisin-like serine proteinase that is widely distributed in <it>S. suis</it>. Evidences were brought for the involvement of this proteinase in <it>S. suis </it>virulence.</p

    Tell me if you prefer bovine or poultry sectors and I’ll tell you who you are: Characterization of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Mbandaka in France

    Get PDF
    IntroductionIn north-western France, Salmonella enterica susp. enterica serovar Mbandaka (S. Mbandaka) is most frequently isolated from bovine and dairy samples. While this serovar most often results in asymptomatic carriage, for a number of years it has caused episodes of abortions, which have serious economic consequences for the sector. Interestingly, this serovar is also isolated from Gallus gallus in the same geographic zone. Despite its prevalence in bovines in north-western France, S. Mbandaka has not been broadly studied at the genomic level, and its prevalence and host adaptation are still not fully understood.MethodsIn this study, we analyzed the genomic diversity of 304 strains of S. Mbandaka isolated from the bovine and poultry sectors in this area over a period of 5 years. A phylogenetic analysis was carried out and two approaches were followed to identify conserved genes and mutations related to host associations. The first approach targeted the genes compiled in the MEGARESv2, Resfinder, VFDB and SPI databases. Plasmid and phage contents were also investigated. The second approach refers to an in-house algorithm developed for this study that computes sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of accessory genes and core variants according to predefined genomes groups.Results and discussionAll the analyzed strains belong to the multi-locus sequence type profile ST413, and the phylogenomic analysis revealed main clustering by host (bovine and poultry), emphasizing the circulation of 12 different major clones, of which seven circulate in poultry and five in the bovine sector in France and a likely food production chain adaptation of these clones. All strains present resistance determinants including heavy metals and biocides that could explain the ability of this serovar to survive and persist in the environment, within herds, and in food processing plants. To explore the wild animal contribution to the spread of this serovar in north-western France, we retrieved S. Mbandaka genomes isolated from wild birds from EnteroBase and included them in the phylogenomic analysis together with our collection. Lastly, screening of accessory genes and major variants allowed us to identify conserved specific mutations characteristic of each major cluster. These mutations could be used to design useful probes for food safety surveillance
    • 

    corecore