Arabidopsis BAG1 Functions as a Cofactor in Hsc70-Mediated Proteasomal Degradation of Unimported Plastid Proteins

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Continuous preparation of bicelles using hydrodynamic focusing method for bicelle to vesicle transition

Bicelle is one of the most stable phospholipid assemblies, which has tremendous applications in the research areas for drug delivery or structural studies of membrane proteins owing to its bio-membrane mimicking characteristics and high thermal stability. However, the conventional preparation method for bicelle demands complicated manufacturing processes and a long time so that the continuous synthesis method of bicelle using microfluidic chip has been playing an important role to expand its feasibility. We verified the general availability of hydrodynamic focusing method with microfluidic chip for bicelle synthesis using various kinds of lipids which have a phase transition temperature ranged from − 2 to 41°C. Bicelle can be formed only when the inside temperature of microfluidic chip was over the phase transition temperature. Moreover, the concentration condition for bicelle formation varied depending on the lipids. Furthermore, the transition process characteristics from bicelle to vesicle were analyzed by effective q-value, mixing time and dilution condition. We verified that the size of transition vesicles was controlled according to the effective q-value, mixing time, and temperature.RDA (PJ01574703), NRF (2020K2A9A2A08000174), NK226E, MAFRA (118105–3

Evaluation of ionic liquids as absorbents for absorption refrigeration systems using hydrofluoro-olefin refrigerant

In this study, we evaluate the use of ILs as absorbents in a double effect absorption refrigeration system using HFO refrigerant. By examining the properties of various refrigerant/absorbent mixtures, we identify the most efficient refrigerant/absorbent pair for the aforementioned absorption refrigeration system. First, we identify a suitable HFO refrigerant for the system. Among the candidates in this study, R1336mzz(Z) and R1234ze(Z) can be used in the absorption refrigeration system because both have low flammability and high critical points. Then, we analyze the characteristics of ILs as absorbents in the absorption refrigeration system. Imidazolium ILs have relatively low viscosities of approximately 20 mPa s at temperatures exceeding 50 °C and high stability. Next, we analyze the characteristics of refrigerant/absorbent pairs. When R1336mzz(Z) and R1234ze(Z) are used as the refrigerant, [OMIM][BF4] have the highest solubilities in oprating conditions. The solubility value of R1234ze(Z) with [OMIM][BF4] is 0.256 at 289.89 kPa and 80 °C, while the solubility value of R1336mzz(Z) with [OMIM][BF4] is 0.154 at 128.02 kPa and 80 °C. Finally, we analyze the performance of the refrigeration system. When the R1234ze(Z)/[OMIM][BF4] is used in the absorption refrigeration system, the COP and cooling capacity of the system exhibit the values of 0.516 and 0.549 kW, respectively

Characterization of Biochar Derived from Three Types of Biomass

We examined the physico–chemical properties of the biochar produced from orange peel, residual wood, and water treatment sludge at different pyrolytic temperatures from 300 to 700℃. In the peel biochar (OPB) and wood biochar (RWB), pH and carbon content tended to increase with increasing pyrolytic temperature and were higher than those in the sludge biochar (WSB). The electrical conductivity of the OPB was the highest, while specific surface area of the RWB was the highest among the three types of biochar. The specific surface area was relatively high in any biochar. Any biochar surface displayed by scanning–electron–micrographs revealed many hollow channels and very heterogeneous forms. Unlike the WSB, surface functional groups of the OPB and RWB were similar in intensity and shape. From characteristic results of pH, specific surface area, and functional groups, the biochar derived from orange peel, residual wood, and water treatment sludge may have a possibility to be used as an environmental–cost effective soil amendment and adsorbent