E-government Implementation in Spain, France and Russia: Efficiency and Trust Level

The article considers peculiarities of modern information technologies introduction including e-state management (e-government) in government bodies, local authorities and governmental structure. Certain factors, influencing citizen’s intention to use the system of interaction with e-government, taking into account trust, perceived risk and political efficiency on the example of several European countries are described in the article. Attempt to compare different approaches to e-government introduction into countries, having basic differences, influencing e-government introduction, i.e. cultural and historic problem of the country, infrastructure, e-competence and development of citizens, civil servants and technical staff was made by the authors. Advantages of e-government, such as improvement of access to information and services; dropping-out of access limits to authority, improvement the quality of service and reputation; integration of institutions are revealed in the paper. The authors attempt to examine modern conditions of new information technologies introduction; determine anticipated utility of their use; obtain new data of new government services; generalize problems of anticipated risks and threats for citizens, using e-government services and contemplate ways of their prevention

ИММУНОГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ РАННЕГО РЕВМАТОИДНОГО АРТРИТА

The study is aimed to investigate the distribution of alleles of HLA-DRB1 gene in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis and healthy individuals in Russian population, and evaluate their significance as molecular genetic markers of rheumatoid arthritis predisposition and protection. The association between alleles of HLA-DRB1 genes, antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides and IgM rheumatoid factor was also studied. Low and high resolution HLA-DRB1 genotyping were compared. In the cohort of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis, the alleles of HLA-DRB1 gene were found to be markers of rheumatoid arthritis protection/risk, especially in the homozygous state. They determined production of antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides but were not associated with rheumatoid factor IgM levels. These findings support different autoimmune mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis. Изучено распределение аллелей гена HLA-DRB1 у больных ранним ревматоидным артритом и здоровых лиц контрольной группы российской популяции и оценена их значимость в качестве молекулярно-генетических маркеров предрасположенности и протекции ревматоидного артрита. Определена сила ассоциативной связи аллелей гена HLA-DRB1 с продукцией антител к циклическим цитруллинированным пептидам и ревматоидному фактору класса М. В исследовании проведено сравнение методов высоко- и низкоразрешающего генотипирования аллелей HLA-DRB1. У больных ранним ревматоидным артритом обнаружены аллели гена HLA-DRB1, являющиеся маркерами риска и протекции ревматоидного артрита, детерминирующие продукцию антител к циклическим цитруллинированным пептидам, но не ассоциированные с антителами класса M к ревматоидному фактору. Полученные данные могут свидетельствовать о различных аутоиммунных механизмах патогенеза ревматоидного артрита. 

A new structure of a serotonin salt: Comparison and conformational analysis of all known serotonin complexes

Four serotonin salt structures (serotonin adipate, C10H 13N2O+·C6H9O 4 -, is a previously unknown structure) were analysed to understand the influence of the anion on serotonin conformation. Hydrogen bonding alone favours a flat conformation, whereas additional stacking interactions between ions may possibly account for the nonplanar conformation. Since molecular conformation, stability and biological activity are interrelated, one can consider influencing the chemical and biological properties of serotonin by selecting an appropriate counter-ion for salt formation. © 2013 International Union of Crystallography

Hydrogen bonding of catechol groups in the crystal structure of dihydrocaffeic acid

Dihydrocaffeic acid C9H10O4 is a natural antioxidant. The crystal structure of dihydrocaffeic acid is determined; the crystallographic data at 100 K are: a = 11.3189(4) Å, b = 5.5824(1) Å, c = 13.8431(4) Å, β = 109.248(4)°, and V = 825.80(4) Å3; the space group is P21/c, Z = 4. In addition to the formation of hydrogen bonds that are typical of acids, the compound has features that are important from the viewpoint of reactivity of dihydrocaffeic acid molecules. The position of one of the hydroxyl hydrogen atoms in the catechol group is disordered even at 100 K. The crystal structure of caffeic acid does not show such a disordering

E-government Implementation in Spain, France and Russia: Efficiency and Trust Level

The article considers peculiarities of modern information technologies introduction including e-state management (e-government) in government bodies, local authorities and governmental structure. Certain factors, influencing citizen’s intention to use the system of interaction with e-government, taking into account trust, perceived risk and political efficiency on the example of several European countries are described in the article. Attempt to compare different approaches to e-government introduction into countries, having basic differences, influencing e-government introduction, i.e. cultural and historic problem of the country, infrastructure, e-competence and development of citizens, civil servants and technical staff was made by the authors. Advantages of e-government, such as improvement of access to information and services; dropping-out of access limits to authority, improvement the quality of service and reputation; integration of institutions are revealed in the paper. The authors attempt to examine modern conditions of new information technologies introduction; determine anticipated utility of their use; obtain new data of new government services; generalize problems of anticipated risks and threats for citizens, using e-government services and contemplate ways of their prevention

Advances in elucidating mechanochemical complexities via implementation of a simple organic system

Mechanochemistry is becoming increasingly popular amongst both the academic and industrial communities as an alternative method for inducing physical and chemical reactions. Despite its rapidly expanding application, little is understood of its mechanisms, greatly limiting its capacity. In the present work the application of specialty devices allowed submission of the simple organic system, α-glycine + β-malonic acid, to isolated shearing and impact treatment. In doing so, unique products were observed to result from each of these major mechanical actions; shear inducing formation of the known salt, glycinium semi-malonate (GSM), and impact yielding formation of a novel phase. Correlation of these isolated treatments with a more common ball mill indicated two unique regions within the milling jar, each characterised by varying ratios of shear and impact, leading to different products being observed. It is widely accepted that, particularly when considering organic systems, mechanical treatment often acts by inducing increases in local temperature, leading to volatilisation or melting. A combination of DSC and TGA were used to investigate the role of temperature on the system in question. Invariably, heating induced formation of GSM, with evidence supporting a eutectic melt, rather than a gas-phase reaction. Shear heating alone is unable to describe formation of the novel phase obtained through impact treatment. By considering the formation and character of mechanically produced tablets, a model is described that may account for formation of this novel phase. This system and methodology for mechanochemical study offers intriguing opportunities for continued study of this widely used and exciting field.</p

Different dynamics of chiral and racemic L and DL serine crystals Evidenced by incoherent inelastic neutron and Raman scattering

Interest in chiral vs racemic amino acid forms stems from their different solid state properties associated to the packing arrangement that leads to starkly different physical behavior. Here we focus on the different dynamic properties of the chiral L form and racemic DL form crystals of serine, C3H7NO3 . Measuring incoherent inelastic neutron and Raman scattering over a wide temperature range we could asses a subtle dynamical transition in L serine near 150 K. The difference in the dynamic properties of the crystals of L and DL serine evidenced from our spectroscopic studies is in a good agreement with the different Cp T dependences and different structural strain of the two forms on cooling. Despite a higher bulk density, the molecular fragments in the crystals of L serine are more dynamic than in DL serine, and this manifests itself in the incoherent inelastic neutron and Raman spectra, as well as in a higher heat capacity, a higher thermal expansion coefficient, or in the NMR spectr

Structure property relationships in the crystals of the smallest amino acid An incoherent inelastic neutron scattering study of the glycine polymorphs

Incoherent inelastic neutron scattering spectra for the three crystalline polymorphs amp; 945; P21 n, amp; 946; P21, amp; 947; P31 of glycine C2H5NO2 at temperatures between 5 and 300 K using the time of flight, ToF spectrometer NEAT at HMI and at pressures from ambient up to 1.0 GPa using the ToF spectrometer IN6 at the ILL were measured. Significant differences in the band positions and their relative intensities in the density of states DoS were observed for the three polymorphs, which can be related to the different intermolecular interactions. The mean squared displacement, lt;u2 gt; T , dependences reveal a change in dynamic properties at about the same temperature 150 K for all the three forms, which can be related to the reorientation of the NH3 group. Besides, a dynamic transition in amp; 946; glycine at about 235 K on cooling was also observed, supporting previously obtained adiabatic calorimetry data. The DoS obtained as a function of pressure have confirmed the stability of the amp; 945; form with respect to pressure, and also depicted sign of the previously reported phase transition in amp; 946; glycine between 0.6 and 0.8 GPa. Moreover, a remarkable kinetic effect in the pressure induced phase transition in amp; 947; glycine was revealed. After the sample was kept at 0.8 GPa for an hour, an irreversible transition into a high pressure form different from that obtained from the amp; 946; glycine was observed, although previously in X Ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy experiments a amp; 947; to amp; 948; glycine phase transition was observed above 3.5 GPa onl

Observation of subtle dynamic transitions by a combination of neutron scattering, X ray diffraction and DSC A case study of the monoclinic L cysteine

The paper illustrates the benefit of combining several experimental techniques incoherent elastic and inelastic neutron scattering, DSC, and X ray diffraction to study subtle dynamic transitions in a biologically important system, probing a broad time frequency range of the molecular motions in a wide tem perature interval of 2 300 K. As a case study the crystalline form a monoclinic polymorph of L cysteine NH3 CH CH2SH COO amp; 8722; an essential amino acid has been selected. Crystals of amino acids are widely used to mimic important structural and dynamic features of peptides. The conformational lability of cysteine and the dynamics of the thiol side chains are known to account for various phase transitions in the crystalline state and for the conformational transitions important for the biological function in the peptides. The effect of temperature on the monoclinic polymorph of L cysteine, metastable at ambient conditions, has been studied for the first time. A dynamical transition at about 150 K, marking a crossover of the molecular fluctuations between harmonic and non harmonic dynamical regimes, was evidenced by evaluating the evolution of the mean square displacement obtained from the elastic fixed window approach using the backscattering spectrometer IN10 located at the ILL. Although this transition does not manifest itself in the DSC, it was clearly observed by incoherent inelastic neutron scattering. By analyzing the dynamical susceptibility contribution amp; 967; amp; 8242; amp; 8242; amp; 969; obtained using IN6 also at ILL we were able to evidence another relaxation process at a different time scale. The disordered soft L cysteine structure has an excess of inelastic scattering at about 3 meV, analogous to the boson peak observed in glass like materials and proteins. High precision X ray diffraction has revealed an anomaly in the changes of selected unit cell parameters and volume at about 240