The Influence of Different Modes of TABATA on Post-Exercise Metabolic Recovery

PURPOSE: Evaluate post-exercise metabolic recovery of individuals who perform Tabata as 1) full body calisthenics (FB) and 2) treadmill running (TR) and compare those responses to when no exercise is performed (rest). METHODS: Recreationally active men (M) (n=9) and women (W) (n=16) (age=22.1±1.8yrs; body mass=70.2± 14.0 kg; body fat%=28.9±6.9; BMI=24.2±3.8) performed each of 3 bouts on separate days with at least 7 days in between each bout. Rest consisted of sitting quietly for 25 minutes. FB was performing 25 minutes of repeated cycles of body calisthenics at vigorous effort for 20 seconds followed with 10 seconds of rest. TR involved 25 minutes of repeated sprints on a treadmill for 20 seconds followed with 10 seconds of rest. The individuals performed both the FB and TR trials at approximately 85% of their maximal heart rate (85%HRmax). Immediately following the completion of each bout, the participants’ metabolic rate (MR) was assessed in 10-minute intervals over the next hour using a Parvo metabolic analyzer. The MR assessment included the participants’ estimated energy expenditure (EE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), fat oxidation (total grams), and carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation (total grams). Significant differences (p.05). In men, fat oxidation was significantly increased following both FB (7.1±1.8; p=.0002) and TR (5.2±2.3; p=.02) compared to rest (3.5±1.5). In women, fat oxidation was significantly increased following both FB (4.8±2.0; p=.0002) and TR (3.9±1.8; p=.007) compared to rest (2.7±1.3). In addition, fat oxidation was significantly greater following FB compared to TR in men (p=.001) and women (p=.0001). CHO oxidation was reduced following FB in men (5.8±3.6) and women (4.5±4.4) compared to rest (M=9.6±4.2; W=7.9±3.1) but these reductions were non-significant (p\u3e.05). CHO oxidation following FB was lower compared to TR in men (8.8±5.5) and women (7.0±4.4) but was non-significant (p\u3e.05). CHO oxidation was unchanged between rest and TR. CONCLUSION: Compared to rest, both men and women experienced elevations in fat oxidation while recovering from a single bout of Tabata performed as FB or TR with fat oxidation being higher following FB when compared to TR. Higher use of fat following FB might be due to 1) more muscle use during FB and 2) the vigorous effort of Tabata both resulting in more CHO use during exercise thus increasing the body’s reliance on fat during recovery to help replenish glycogen stores. Future studies should look at recovery responses to a Tabata training regimen as opposed to a single bout, as well as, examine post-exercise metabolic responses for periods that exceed one hour in order to determine if Tabata training has any chronic influence on the metabolic recovery of most individuals

The Influence of High-Intensity Interval Exercise on Vitamin-D Concentrations in Healthy Individuals

Vitamin D (VD) deficiency is one of the most common deficiencies in the world due to various factors (e.g., lack of sun exposure, dietary considerations). Currently the utilization of exercise may act as an intervention for VD deficiencies to promote increases in VD concentrations in healthy populations. This could largely be due to the loss of calcium from aerobic exercise (AE), leading to a hormonal response [(e.g., parathyroid hormone (PTH)] and the activation of cytochrome’s (e.g., CYP2R1, CYP27B1) responsible for the regulation of VD. Thus, AE may serve as an intervention to promote VD synthesis due to the impacted biological mechanisms placed upon the body. PURPOSE: To determine changes in VD concentrations in healthy individuals, following an acute bout of HIIE. METHODS: Thirty-five apparently heathy and physically active individuals (22 = M and 14 = F, age = 37.7 ± 12.6, %BF = 19.3 ± 7.0) were recruited for participation in the study. All participants completed an initial testing session where measures of body composition, health status, and cardiorespiratory fitness [(VO2Reserve (VO2R)] were assessed using standardized protocols. Following baseline assessments, participants returned to the lab 48-HR later to perform one bout of HIIE for 30-minutes on a treadmill. Participants completed six high- and low-intensity stages, with each stage consisting of 3-minute intervals of submaximal exercise at 80% VO2R and 2-minute recovery intervals at 40% VO2R. Venous blood samples were obtained at three-time points (e.g., pre-exercise, 1-HR post-exercise, 24-HR post-exercise) from the most prominent antecubital vein. Data were analyzed using a paired samples t-test to assess differences between VD concentrations at the sampled time points. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed between the three-time points. VD concentrations significantly increased from pre-exercise to 1-HR (t = -14.372, p \u3c .001) and 24-HR post-exercise (t = -9.468, p \u3c .001). However, VD concentrations were not significantly different from 1-HR to 24-HR post-exercise (t = 0.728, p = .471). CONCLUSION: HIIE could be utilized as a potential intervention to improve VD concentrations in healthy individuals. Future research should examine the effects of HIIE in individuals with VD deficiencies to assess its role in promoting VD synthesis

Assessing the Differences Between Chewing and Swallowing Arugula Extract Capsules on the Concentrations of Nitric Oxide Metabolites in Metabolically Healthy Males

Previous literature has examined the benefits of consuming nitrate (NO3)-rich crops (e.g., beetroot, spinach, watercress, arugula) on endothelial function due to their positive influence on nitric oxide (NO) production from the utilization of nitrate-reducing bacteria in the oral microbiome. However, there has yet to be a study addressing how the method of consumption may influence the role the oral microbiome plays in the degradation of NO3 to NO from consuming an encapsulated NO3-rich crop. PURPOSE: To determine the differences in NO metabolite concentrations following two different methods (e.g., chewing, swallowing) of consuming the encapsulated arugula extract. METHODS: Eight, metabolically healthy males (age = 23 ± 3.2 yrs, wt. = 75.7 ± 13.7 kg, %BF = 16.1 ± 4.7) were recruited for this study. Participants were determined to be metabolically healthy through several blood screen panels (e.g., metabolic, lipid, complete blood cell count) following an overnight fast. All participants were randomized and counterbalanced for two conditions (e.g., chewing, swallowing), with both being separated by a 72-HR washout period. Following an overnight fast, participants had a venous catheter inserted into the most prominent vein in the antecubital space. Participants were asked to either swallow the arugula extract capsules (2; 100mg NO3) or chew the arugula extract capsules (2; 100mg NO3) until the contents were dispersed into their mouth (15 seconds) and then swallowed. Blood samples were then taken at 4 time points for each condition (e.g., baseline, 1-HR, 2-HR, and 3-HR proceeding ingestion). Data were analyzed using a 2 x 4 repeated measures ANOVA to assess differences in NO metabolite concentrations [(total NO, NO3, and nitrite (NO2)]. RESULTS: Total NO and NO3 concentrations significantly increased from baseline to 1-HR when chewing (NO: p = .008; NO3: p = .011) but not for swallowing. Correspondingly, chewing demonstrated a significantly larger increase 1-HR after ingestion compared to swallowing (F = 13.799, p = .008). However, 2-HRs after swallowing, both total NO and NO3 significantly rose (NO: p = .005; NO3: p \u3c .001) to a similar level as chewing (F = .759, p = .413). CONCLUSION: Regardless of chewing or swallowing the arugula extract capsule, both showed similar increases 2-HR after consumption. However, chewing displayed a significantly larger increase in total NO metabolites after 1-HR. Future research should aim to assess a more prolonged period to further examine differences in consumption modality