27 research outputs found

    Ultrastructural visualization of 3D chromatin folding using volume electron microscopy and DNA in situ hybridization.

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    The human genome is extensively folded into 3-dimensional organization. However, the detailed 3D chromatin folding structures have not been fully visualized due to the lack of robust and ultra-resolution imaging capability. Here, we report the development of an electron microscopy method that combines serial block-face scanning electron microscopy with in situ hybridization (3D-EMISH) to visualize 3D chromatin folding at targeted genomic regions with ultra-resolution (5 脳 5 脳 30鈥塶m in xyz dimensions) that is superior to the current super-resolution by fluorescence light microscopy. We apply 3D-EMISH to human lymphoblastoid cells at a 1.7鈥塎b segment of the genome and visualize a large number of distinctive 3D chromatin folding structures in ultra-resolution. We further quantitatively characterize the reconstituted chromatin folding structures by identifying sub-domains, and uncover a high level heterogeneity of chromatin folding ultrastructures in individual nuclei, suggestive of extensive dynamic fluidity in 3D chromatin states

    Model numeryczny zjawisk cieplno-przep艂ywowych procesu narastania wlewka COS

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    The mathematical and numerical simulation model of the growth of the solid metal phase within a continuous cast slab is presented in this paper. The problem was treated as a complex one. The velocity fields are obtained by solving the momentum equations and the continuity equation, whereas the thermal fields are calculated by solving the conduction equation with the convection term. One takes into consideration in the mathematical model the changes of thermophysical parameters depending on the temperature and the solid phase volume fractions in the mushy zone. This formulation of the problem is called a complex model in contrast to the simplified model in which the conduction equation is solved only. The problem was solved by the finite element method. A numerical simulation of the cast slab solidification process was made for different cases of continuous casting mould pouring by molten metal. The influences of cases of the continuous casting mould pouring on the velocity fields in liquid phase and the solid phase growth kinetics of the cast slab were estimated, because these magnitudes have essential an influence on high-quality of a continuous steel cast slab.W pracy przedstawiono model matematyczny i numeryczny narastania fazy sta艂ej we wlewku ci膮g艂ego odlewania. Zadanie potraktowano kompleksowo. Pola pr臋dko艣ci otrzymano z rozwi膮zania r贸wna艅 Naviera-Stokesa i r贸wnania ci膮g艂o艣ci przep艂ywu, natomiast pola temperatury z rozwi膮zania r贸wnania przewodnictwa z cz艂onem konwekcyjnym. Uwzgl臋dniono zmian臋 parametr贸w termofizycznych od temperatury i od udzia艂u fazy sta艂ej w dwufazowej strefie przej艣ciowej. Takie sformu艂owanie zadania nazwano modelem z艂o偶onym w przeciwie艅stwie do modelu uproszczonego, w kt贸rym rozwi膮zuje si臋 tylko r贸wnanie przewodnictwa. Problem rozwi膮zano metod膮 element贸w sko艅czonych. Analizie poddano krystalizator o przekroju poprzecznym prostok膮tnym. Symulacje numeryczne procesu krzepni臋cia wlewka wykonano dla r贸偶nych wariant贸w doprowadzenia ciek艂ego metalu do krystalizatora. Badano w ten spos贸b wp艂yw zalewania krystalizatora na pole pr臋dko艣ci w fazie ciek艂ej i kinetyk臋 narastania fazy sta艂ej wlewka, kt贸re maj膮 istotny wp艂yw na jako艣膰 wlewka ci膮g艂ego odlewania stali

    Modelowanie obr贸bki cieplnej element贸w stalowych z uwzgl臋dnieniem ruch贸w ch艂odziwa

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    A mathematical and numerical model of hardening process using the generalized finite difference method for the movement of fluid and heat transport have been proposed in this paper. To solve the Navier-Stokes equation the characteristic based split scheme (CBS) has been used. The solution of the heat transport equation with the convective term has been obtained by a stabilized meshless method. To determine of the phase transformation the macroscopic model built on the basis of CCT diagrams for continuous cooling of medium-carbon steel has been used. The temporary temperature fields, the phase transformation, thermal and structural strains for the heat treated element and the fields of temperature and velocity for the coolant have been determined. The comparative analysis of the results of calculations for the model without taking into account movement of coolant has been carried out. The effect of the notch in the shaft on the cooling rates and fields of the kinetics of the phase transformations has been presented.W pracy zaproponowano model matematyczny i numeryczny zjawisk termicznych oraz ruch贸w ch艂odziwa zbudowany z wykorzystaniem uog贸lnionej metody r贸偶nic sko艅czonych. Do rozwi膮zania r贸wnania Naviera-Stokesa wykorzystano metod臋 rzutowania (CBS). Rozwi膮zanie r贸wnania przewodzenia ciep艂a z cz艂onem konwekcyjnym uzyskano na podstawie stabilizowanej bezsiatkowej metody r贸偶nic sko艅czonych. Do modelowania przemian fazowych wykorzystano makroskopowy model zbudowany na podstawie analizy wykres贸w ci膮g艂ego ch艂odzenia CTPc dla stali 艣redniow臋glowej. Dla elementu obrabianego cieplnie okre艣lono chwilowe pola temperatury, udzia艂y fazowe, odkszta艂cenia termiczne, strukturalne oraz pala temperatury i pr臋dko艣ci cieczy ch艂odz膮cej. Przeprowadzono analiz臋 por贸wnawcz膮 z wynikami oblicze艅 z ruchem i bez ruchu ch艂odziwa. W pracy przedstawiono tak偶e wp艂yw wyci臋cia (rowka na wa艂ku) na pola pr臋dko艣ci ch艂odziwa oraz na kinetyk臋 przemian fazowych

    Symulacja numeryczna przep艂ywu ciek艂ej stali w kadzi po艣redniej urz膮dzenia COS

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    The mathematical and numerical simulation model of the liquid steel flow in a tundish is presented in this paper. The problem was treated as a complex one. The velocity fields are obtained by solving the momentum equations and the continuity equation, whereas the thermal fields are calculated by solving the conduction equation with the convection term. One takes into consideration in the mathematical model the changes of thermophysical parameters depending on the temperature. The problem was solved by the finite element method. The one-strand slab tundish is used to casting slabs. The internal work space of the tundish was modified by flow control devices. The first device was a striker pad situated in the pouring tundish zone. The second device was a baffle with three holes. The main purpose of using these was to put barriers in the steel flow path as well as give directional metal flow upwards which facilitated inclusion floatation. The visualization of interaction of flow control devices on hydrodynamic conditions was received from numerical simulations. As a result of the computations carried out, the liquid steel flow and steel temperature fields were obtained. The influences of the tundish modifications on the velocity fields in liquid phase of the steel were estimated, because these have essential an influence on high-quality of a continuous steel cast slab.W pracy przedstawiono model matematyczny i numeryczny przep艂ywu ciek艂ej stali w kadzi po艣redniej urz膮dzenia ciag艂ego odlewania. Zadanie potraktowano kompleksowo. Pola pr臋dko艣ci otrzymano z rozwi膮zania r贸wna艅 Naviera-Stokesa i r贸wnania ciag艂o艣ci przep艂ywu, natomiast pola temperatury z rozwi膮zania r贸wnania przewodnictwa z cz艂onem konwekcyjnym. Uwzgl臋dniono zmian臋 parametr贸w termofizycznych od temperatury. Problem rozwi膮zano metod膮 element贸w sko艅czonych. Do rozwa偶a艅 wybrano jednowylewowa kad藕 po艣rednia przeznaczona do odlewania wlewk贸w p艂askich. Przestrze艅 robocza kadzi po艣redniej zosta艂a zmodyfikowana i zabudowana urz膮dzeniami steruj膮cymi przep艂ywem ciek艂ej stali. Pierwszym urz膮dzeniem by艂 amortyzator kadzi po艣redniej umieszczony w strefie jej zasilania. Drugim urz膮dzeniem by艂a przegroda z trzema oknami przelewowymi. G艂贸wnym celem u偶ycia tych urz膮dze艅 by艂o umieszczenie przeszk贸d na drodze przep艂ywu stali wymuszaj膮cych spokojne mieszanie cieczy metalicznej jak r贸wnie偶 ukierunkowanie p艂yni臋cia metalu w g贸r臋 umo偶liwiaj膮ce flotacyjne unoszenie wtr膮ce艅 do warstwy 偶u偶la. Wizualizacje oddzia艂ywania zabudowy kadzi po艣redniej na warunki hydrodynamiczne uzyskano na podstawie wynik贸w otrzymanych z symulacji komputerowej przep艂ywu ciek艂ej stali. W wyniku oblicze艅 numerycznych otrzymano pola predko艣ci i temperatury ciek艂ej stali. Badano w ten spos贸b wp艂yw modyfikacji wn臋trza kadzi na pola pr臋dko艣ci w fazie ciek艂ej stali, kt贸re maja istotny wp艂yw na jako艣膰 wlewka ciag艂ego odlewania

    Model of thermal and fluid flow phenomena in the cylindrical inlet channel,

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    Abstract In the paper, a mathematical and a numerical model of the solidification of a cylindrical slender shaped casting, which take into account the process of filling the mould cavity with molten metal, has been proposed. Pressure and velocity fields were obtained by solving the momentum equations and the continuity equation, while the thermal fields were obtained by solving the heat conduction equation containing the convection term. Next, the numerical analysis of the solidification process of metals alloy in a cylindrical mould channel has been made. In the model one takes into account interdependence the heat transfer and fluid flow phenomena. Coupling of the thermal and fluid flow phenomena has been taken into consideration by the changes of the fluidity function and thermophysical parameters of alloy with respect to the temperature. The influence of the pressure and the temperature of metal pouring on the solid phase growth kinetics were estimated. The problem has been solved by the finite element method
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