Страновые особенности формирования национальных инновационных систем (НИС) в условиях нарастания неопределенности мировой экономики (на примере КНР, Республики Корея, ЮАР, России)

The monograph: discusses the theoretical foundations of the formation and operation of national innovation systems (NIS); features of the development of NIS in the face of growing uncertainty of the world economy; successful experience of the formation of NIS of foreign countries (Kazakhstan, China, South Africa), in which the time period for the formation of its own innovative potential was relatively shorter than the experience of the leading Western powers; presents an analysis of the innovation policies of these countries, identifying key factors that ensured their competitiveness on the world stage for a relatively short period of time; conclusions and proposals were made for Russia; identified promising areas of cooperation in the innovation sphere of Russia with countries with rapidly developing economies.В монографии: рассматриваются теоретические основы формирования и функционирования национальных инновационных систем (НИС); особенности развития НИС в условиях нарастания неопределенности мировой экономики; успешный опыт становления НИС зарубежных стран (РК, Китай, ЮАР), в которых временной период формирования собственного инновационного потенциала был сравнительно короче опыта ведущих западных держав; представлен анализ инновационной политики этих стран, определение ключевых факторов, обеспечивших их конкурентоспособность на мировой арене за сравнительно непродолжительный период времени; сделаны выводы и предложения для России; определены перспективные направления сотрудничества в инновационной сфере России со странами с быстро развивающимися экономиками

The ISMRM Open Science Initiative for Perfusion Imaging (OSIPI): Results from the OSIPI–Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced challenge

Purpose: K trans has often been proposed as a quantitative imaging biomarker for diagnosis,prognosis,andtreatmentresponseassessmentforvarioustumors.Noneofthe many software tools for K trans quantification are standardized. The ISMRM OpenScience Initiative for Perfusion Imaging–Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced (OSIPI-DCE)challenge was designed to benchmark methods to better help the efforts to standardize K trans measurement. Methods: A framework was created to evaluate K trans values produced by DCE-MRI analysis pipelines to enable benchmarking. The perfusion MRI community was invited to apply their pipelines for K trans quantification in glioblastoma from clinical and synthetic patients. Submissions were required to include the entrants’ K trans values, the applied software, and a standard operating procedure. These were evaluated using the proposed OSIPIgold score defined with accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility components. Results: Across the 10 received submissions, the OSIPIgold score ranged from28% to 78% with a 59% median. The accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility scores ranged from 0.54 to 0.92, 0.64 to 0.86, and 0.65 to 1.00, respectively(0–1=lowest–highest). Manual arterial input function selection markedly affected the reproducibility and showed greater variability in K trans analysis than automated methods. Furthermore, provision of a detailed standard operating procedure was critical for higher reproducibility. Conclusions: This study reports results from the OSIPI-DCE challenge and high-lights the high inter-software variability within K trans estimation, providing a framework for ongoing benchmarking against the scores presented. Through this challenge, the participating teams were ranked based on the performance of their software tools in the particular setting of this challenge. In a real-world clinical setting, many of these tools may perform differently with different benchmarking methodology