Recent Decisions

ACT OF STATE--Act of State Doctrine Not a Bar to Adjudication of a Counterclaim Robert M. Erickson ========================== ADMIRALTY--Ship Mortgage Act of 1920--Deficiency Judgment against Mortgagor in Personam Not Precluded by State Law when Vessels were Sold at Public Foreclosure Auction without Prior Appraisal Jack F. Stringham, II =========================== ALIENS--Immigration and Naturalization--Restriction of Commuter Aliens\u27 Access to Domestic Employment by Attorney General is Abuse of Discretion Alan Marchisotto ================= EXTRADITION--Principle of Specialty--Specialty does not Preclude Prosecution for Similar Offense when Asylum Nation Would Not Consider it a Breach of Faith Attorney General of the United States, 462 F.2d 475 (2d Cir. 1972),petition for cert. filed, 41 U.S.L.W. 3114 (U.S. Aug. 26, 1972) (No.332). James T. Campbell ========================= JURISDICTION--Forum Selection Clauses--United States Courts will Enforce Forum Selection Clauses in International Towage Contracts Absent Exceptional Circumstances Ralph C. Oser ======================== TAXATION--Foreign Tax Credit--Foreign Income Tax Credit Under Section 901 Allowable Only for Taxes Imposed on Net Gain or Profit David A. Boillo

Recent Decisions

Recent Decisions ADMIRALTY--COGSA--BILL OF LADING CARGO DESCRIPTION AND PACKER IDENTITY DETERMINE WHEN A CONTAINER IS A PACKAGE IN COGSA LIABILITY PROCEEDINGS Alan L. Marchisotto ============================ ADMIRALTY--JURISDICTION OVER AVIATION TORT CLAIMS--ADMIRALTY JURISDICTION DOES NOT EXTEND TO AVIATION TORT CLAIMS IN THE ABSENCE OF A SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TORT AND TRADITIONAL MARITIME ACTIVITIES W. H. Schwarzschild III ============================ ALIENS--ALIENS MAY MAINTAIN A CAUSE OF ACTION FOR PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION UNDER 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (1970) Mark M. Greisberger ============================ ANTITRUST--ARTICLE 86 OF THE EEC TREATY APPLIES TO CERTAIN CHANGES IN INTERNAL CORPORATE STRUCTURE Richard P. Granfield =========================== CONSTITUTIONAL LAW--EXECUTIVE POWER--PRESIDENTIAL AUTHORITY TO NEGOTIATE FOREIGN COMMERCIAL AGREEMENTS PURSUANT TO FOREIGN AFFAIRS POWER IS NOT CIRCUMSCRIBED ABSENT EX-PLICIT LEGISLATION Donald B. Cameron, Jr. ========================== JURISDICTION--SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934--SECTION 10(b) APPLIES TO A TRANSACTION IN UNLISTED FOREIGN SECURITIES WHEN SIGNIFICANT FRAUDULENT CONDUCT OCCURS IN THE UNITED STATES Isaac H. Braddock ========================= TARIFFS--TRADE AGREEMENT CONCESSIONS MAY BE SUSPENDED ON A MOST-FAVORED-NATION BASIS WHEN SUCH TREATMENT IS REQUIRED BY INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS OF THE UNITED STATES David A. Boillo

Corticosteroid-free immunosuppression with tacrolimus following induction with daclizumab: A large randomized clinical study

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Education as a Predictor of Chronic Periodontitis: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis Population-Based Studies

The impact of socioeconomic inequalities on health is well-documented. Despite the links of periodontal disease with cardiovascular diseases, adverse pregnancy outcomes and diabetes, no meta-analysis of socioeconomic variations in periodontal disease exists. This meta-analytic review was conducted to determine the extent to which education attainment influences risk of periodontitis in adults aged 35+ years in the general population.The authors searched studies published until November 2010 using EMBASE and MEDLINE databases. References listed were then scrutinised, our own files were checked, and, finally, we contacted experts in the field. The authors included only general population-based studies conducted in adults aged 35 years and more. All articles were blind reviewed by two investigators. In the case of disagreement, a third investigator arbitrated. Using PRISMA statement, two reviewers independently extracted papers of interest.Relative to the higher education group, people with low education attainment experience a greater risk of periodontitis (OR: 1.86 [1.66–2.10]; p<0.00001). The association was partially attenuated after adjustment for covariates (OR: 1.55 [1.30–1.86]; p<0.00001). Sensitivity analyses showed that methods used to assess periodontitis, definition of cases, study country and categorization of education are largely responsible for the heterogeneity between studies. No significant bias of publication was shown using both the Egger (p = 0.16) and rank correlation tests (p = 0.35).In the studies reviewed, low educational attainment was associated with an increased risk of periodontitis. Although this evidence should be cautiously interpreted due to methodological problems in selected studies, efforts to eliminate educational inequalities in periodontitis should focus on early life interventions

The Import Surcharge of 1971: A Case Study of Executive Power in Foreign Commerce

The importance of foreign trade in the conduct of foreign affairs demonstrates that many foreign commerce questions contain foreign affairs overtones. For example, President Nixon has recently noted that congressional restrictions on granting the Soviet Union most-favored-nation treatment would be a hurdle to further detente. Although article I, section 8 of the Constitution vests the power to regulate foreign commerce in the legislative branch, the Congress has delegated a great deal of that power to the Executive. Moreover, it appears that the President possesses certain inherent powers in foreign commerce as a result of his extensive, albeit undefined, authority in foreign affairs. An examination of the President\u27s foreign affairs power, therefore, is required to determine the extent of this derivative authority in the field of foreign commerce. The Import Surcharge of 1971, pursuant to which the President imposed a ten per cent surcharge on goods imported into the United States in an effort to correct the balance of payments deficit, provides a useful vehicle for conducting an examination of the convergence of the statutory delegation in the area of tariff regulation and the Executive\u27s inherent powers in foreign commerce

The role of short chain fatty acids in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis

Over the last 20 years there has been an increasing interest in the influence of the gastrointestinal tract on appetite regulation. Much of the focus has been on the neuronal and hormonal relationship between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. There is now mounting evidence that the colonic microbiota and their metabolic activity play a significant role in energy homeostasis. The supply of substrate to the colonic microbiota has a major impact on the microbial population and the metabolites they produce, particularly short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs are produced when non-digestible carbohydrates, namely dietary fibres and resistant starch, undergo fermentation by the colonic microbiota. Both the consumption of fermentable carbohydrates and the administration of SCFAs have been reported to result in a wide range of health benefits including improvements in body composition, glucose homeostasis, blood lipid profiles, and reduced body weight and colon cancer risk. However, published studies tend to report the effects that fermentable carbohydrates and SCFAs have on specific tissues and metabolic processes, and fail to explain how these local effects translate into systemic effects and the mitigation of disease risk. Moreover, studies have tended to investigate SCFAs collectively and neglect to report the effects associated with individual SCFAs. Here, we bring together the recent evidence and suggest an overarching model for the effects of SCFAs on one of their beneficial aspects: appetite regulation and energy homeostasis