42 research outputs found
Stanje u sektoru proizvodnje mleka u Evropskoj Uniji i kod nas
The paper gives an analysis of the state in milk production from the aspect of total produced quantities of milk and total purchased quantites of milk by the diaries in EU. The number of farms engaged in cattle production has been analyzed, along with the farms engaged in milk production. Trend in development of cattle breeding in EU is going in the direction of decreasing the number of farms raising the breeding stocks of dairy cows and to the simultaneous increase in the number of cows per farm for milk production with constant increase of the quantity of milk produced per cow. In 2008 the number of cows per farm in EU27 was on average 9.8 cows, in EU25 on average 16.6 cows, with great variation among member countries observed. Average milk yield in total cow population in 2008 in EU15 was 6646 kg, in EU25: 6357 kg and in EU27: 6133kg. In Serbia the average milk yield in registered cows of Simmental breed is about 4500 kg, and in Holstein Friesian breed around 8700 kg. It is important to emphasize that in Serbia there is a far less number of cows under controlled milk yield (around 5.5% Simmental cows in total number), and that there is a decline observed in the number of cattle in Serbia in the last decade per average rate of 2-3 % annually.Analizirano je stanje u sektoru proizvodnje mleka u EU i Srbiji sa aspekta ukupno proizvedenih koliÄina mleka i ukupno otkupljenih koliÄina mleka od strane mlekara. Analiziran je broj gazdinstava koja se bave govedarskom proizvodnjom, kao i gazdinstava koja proizvode mleko. Nivo ukupne proizvodnje mleka u zemljama EU27 u poslednjih nekoliko godina je oko 148 miliona tona, dok je u Srbiji prisutno smanjenje proizvodnje mleka i u 2009-oj godini proizvodnja je iznosila 1,478 miliona tona, a u 2008-oj 1,7 miliona tona. Od ukupno proizvedenih koliÄina mleka u EU27 otkupi se od strane mlekara preko 90%, dok se u Srbiji otkupljuje oko 50% mleka. Trend u razvoju govedarstva u EU ide u pravcu smanjenja broja gazdinstava koja gaje zapate mleÄnih krava i istovremenog poveÄanja broja krava po gazdinstvima, koja se bave proizvodnjom mleka uz stalno poveÄanje koliÄine proizvedenog mleka po kravi. I pored ukrupnjavanja gazdinstava koja se bave proizvodnjom mleka, prisutan je trend smanjenja broja muznih krava (zbog postignutih visokih prinosa mleka po kravi kod specijalizovanih mleÄnih rasa, kao i postojanja zaliha mleka), Å”to kao posledicu ima porast populacija goveda namenjenih proizvodnji mesa, koja se gaje u sistemu krava-tele. U 2008. godini broj krava po gazdinstvu iznosio je u EU27 proseÄno 9,8 krava, EU25 proseÄno 16,6 krava, sa velikim variranjem izmeÄu država Älanica. ProseÄna mleÄnost ukupne populacije krava u 2008. godini u EU15 iznosila je 6646 kg, EU25: 6357 kg i EU27: 6133 kg. ProseÄna mleÄnost umatiÄenih krava simentalske rase u Srbiji je oko 4500 kg, a holÅ”tajn frizijske rase oko 8700 kg, dok mleÄnost celokupne populacije krava u Srbiji (kontrolisana grla i procenjene mleÄnosti krava) iznosi izmeÄu 3000 i 3500 kg. U Srbiji je, prema popisu iz 2002. god., 97,61% gazdinstava raspolagalo sa 1 do 5 krava i pri tome su posedovali 87% od ukupnog broja krava u Srbiji. U poslednjih 10 godina broj gazdinstava koja gaje goveda se smanjivao, isto kao i broj goveda (po godiÅ”njoj stopi od 2 do 3%). Takvo stanje se direktno odražava na smanjenje ukupne proizvodnje mleka (koja ima negativan trend) kao i proizvodnje goveÄeg mesa
OdgajivaÄka strategija u malim i zatvorenim populacijama domaÄih životinja
This paper reviews the main characteristics of small and/or closed livestock populations. Although the emphasis during the realization of the genetic improvement in animal breeding is put on commercial breeding programmes, autochthonous breeds, races, strains, even herds of domestic animas, at the same time represent a potentially important segment for achieving the maintenance of the overall livestock production. These programmes are particularly important for the improvement of populations of animal genetic resources, as well as for the improvement of production in rural marginal areas. One of the main parameters for determining the size, and also the potential danger of a population is a so called effective size of the population (Ne). This parameter is determined according to the available number of male and female head of breeding stock in the population or in the herd and it varies under the influence of the sexes, changes in the size of the families, changes in the size of the population during time, as well as overlapping of the generations. Apart from the improvement of the economically important traits, the breeding programmes in small populations first of all must provide the increase of the effective size of the population aiming to limit or decrease the inbreeding, as well as the decrease of the variance in the size of the family. This is mainly achieved with so called "circular breeding plans" the sires being replaced by sons in the reproduction, and dams by daughters. The shortage of the generation interval by the change of the presence of some age categories i.e. larger number of young animals and animals that are at the peak of production comparing to a small number of older animals, can additionally influence on the genetic improvement of the traits.U radu su prikazane osnovne karakteristike malih i/ili zatvorenih populacija domaÄih i gajenih životinja. Iako se akcenat prilikom realizacije genetskog unapreÄenja u stoÄarstvu stavlja na komercijalne odgajivaÄke programe, autohtone vrste, rase, sojevi, pa i zapati domaÄih životinja, takoÄe predstavljaju potencijalno važan segment za dostizanje održivosti celokupne stoÄarske proizvodnje. Ovi programi su naroÄito znaÄajni za unapreÄenje populacija animalnih genetskih resursa, kao i za unapreÄenje proizvodnje u ruralnim marginalnim oblastima. Jedan od osnovnih parametara za odreÄivanje veliÄine, pa samim tim i potencijalne ugroženosti jedne populacije jeste tzv. efektivna veliÄina populacije (Ne). Ovaj parametar se odreÄuje na osnovu raspoloživog broja priplodnjaka i plotkinja u populaciji ili zapatu i varira pod uticajem odnosa polova, promena u veliÄini familija, promena u veliÄini populacije tokom vremena, kao i preklapanja generacija. Pored unapreÄenja ekonomski važnih osobina, odgajivaÄki programi u malim populacijama na prvom mestu moraju obezbediti poveÄanje efektivne veliÄine populacije sa ciljem ograniÄavanja ili smanjivanja inbreeding-a, kao i smanjivanja varijanse u veliÄini familije. To se uglavnom postiže tzv. "cirkularnim odgajivaÄkim planovima" u kojima oÄeve u reprodukciji zamenjuju sinovi, a majke kÄeri. SkraÄenje generacijskog intervala promenom zastupljenosti pojedinih starosnih kategorija u smislu veÄe zastupljenosti mladih grla i grla koja su u vrhu proizvodnje, a na raÄun starijih grla, može dodatno uticati na genetsko unapreÄenje osobina
Relationship between genetic polymorphism of k- casein and quantitative milk yield traits in cattle breeds and crossbreds in Serbia
The quality and yield of milk, and therefore of dairy products as well, depends directly on their protein composition. Milk gene proteins represent structural locuses that are functionally associated with milk production. In cattle selection a special importance is attached to the variability of kappa casein (kappa-CN) as one of the four casein milk proteins. Genotypes of 21 Simmental breed cows, 20 crossbred cows obtained by crossing of Simmental and Red Holstein breed, and 25 cows of autochthonous Busha breed were determined for kappa casein by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP) of amplified DNA. The kappa-CN genotype frequencies for Simmental breed were: 42.8; 47.6 and 9.6 % for AA, AB and BB genotype, for crossbreds: 75.0; 25.0 and 0.0% and for Busha individuals: 41.7; 50.0 and 8.3 %, respectively. Frequencies of A and B alleles, assessed on the basis of genotypic frequencies were 0.667 and 0.333 for Simmental breed, 0.875 and 0.125 for crossbreds and 0.667 and 0.333 for autochthonous Busha cattle breed, respectively. For confirming the phenotypic variability of milk yield in standard lactation, yield of milk fat and the content of milk fat per kappa-CN genotypes within breeds observed the fixed model which included the breed effect, lactation in order and effect of kappa-CN genotype (AA, AB and BB) was used. The kappa-CN genotype statistically significantly (p lt = 0.05) influenced milk yield and highly significantly (p lt = 0.01) milk fat yield, while the content of milk fat was not statistically significantly (p >0.05) influenced in examined animals
Simentalska rasa goveda u razliÄitim sistemima proizvodnje
The paper gives the analysis on the state in population of Simmental cattle reared in Europe with a special review on the state in Simmental cattle in our country which makes about 80 % total cattle fund in Serbia, and is characterized by a negative trend in the number of cattle, as well as by a low average milk production per cow. The most important results obtained by both domestic and foreign authors by means of various methods of improving Simmental breed and its raising in different systems have been shown. The directions for improving Simmental cattle according to the productive directions have been analyzed. Possible methods of improving the Simmental cattle in our country have been pointed out, which should be in accordance with already existing genetic potential of each actual population, its purpose (registered breeding stock, production breeding stock), as well as with the market needs for cow milk, milk products and meat (primarily beef meat, for export). A special emphasis has been given to the importance of organizing the production of meat in the cow-calf system in which Simmental breed, following the model of many European countries, should have good performance also in our country, if the same production should be organized in deserted hilly and mountainous regions. In this way we could contribute to more significant increase in overall beef production, and to reactivate unused natural resources as well.Analizirano je stanje u populaciji simentalskih goveda koja se gaje u Evropi, sa posebnim osvrtom na stanje simentalske rase kod nas, koja u poslednje dve decenije Äini izmeÄu 80 i 85 % ukupnog fonda goveda Srbije, a koju prati negativni trend brojnosti (veliÄini populacije), kao i niska proseÄna proizvodnja mleka po kravi. Analizirani su pravci oplemenjivanja simentalskih goveda u skladu sa smerovima proizvodnje. Ukazano je na moguÄe metode oplemenjivanja simentalske rase kod nas, koje bi morale biti u skladu sa postojeÄim genetskim potencijalom svake konkretne populacije, njenom namenom (matiÄni zapati, proizvodni zapati), kao i u skladu sa potrebama tržiÅ”ta za kravljim mlekom i mleÄnim proizvodima. Kao metod oplemenjivanja simentalske rase kombinovanog smera proizvodnje do sada je viÅ”e primenjivan metod selekcije u Äistoj rasi. Metod meliorativnog ukrÅ”tanja simentalske rase sa crvenim holÅ”tajnom je znaÄajno manje u primeni i viÅ”e ga sprovode odgajivaÄi proizvodnih zapata goveda simentalske rase. Poseban akcenat je dat znaÄaju organizovanja proizvodnje mesa u sistemu krava-tele, gde bi simentalska rasa po uzoru na mnoge evropske zemlje i kod nas dala dobre rezultate, ako bi se ista proizvodnja organizovala u napuÅ”tenim brdskim i planinskim podruÄjima. Na ovaj naÄin bi se moglo doprineti znaÄajnijem poveÄanju ukupne proizvodnje juneÄeg mesa, kao i aktiviranju neiskoriÅ”Äenih prirodnih resursa, Å”to bi predstavljalo strateÅ”ki interes države. U cilju poveÄanja ekonomiÄnosti u proizvodnji u sistemu krava-tele, neophodno je postizanje maksimalne plodnosti, iz kog razloga bi trebalo redovno primenjivati indukciju i sinhronizaciju estrusa. Sezonu telenja treba planirati u skladu sa konkretnim klimatskim prilikama na konkretnom podruÄju, a sve u cilju maksimalnog koriÅ”Äenja perioda vegetacije (paÅ”e) od strane krava i teladi
ZnaÄajke proizvodnje mlijeka Balkanske koze uzgajane u ālow-inputā proizvodnim sustavima
In order to analyse dairy production traits (milk yield in full lactation, milk fat content, daily milk yield and length of lactation) of Balkan goats raised under ālow-inputā production systems, data on 440 lactation records from 118 does raised on 9 farms in south-east part of Serbia were used. General linear model, used for analysing variability of lactation length, was consisting of following fixed effects: farm, year of birth, year of production and number of lactation. Model for milk yield in full lactation, milk fat content and daily milk yield was consisting of farms, year of birth, year of production and number of lactation as fixed effects and length of lactation as covariate. The highest milk yield (392 kg) and the highest milk fat content (3.89 %) were achieved in III lactation. Effects of farm, year of production and number of lactation were very significant sources of variation (P<0.001) for milk yield, daily milk yield and milk fat content, while the year of birth as factor of phenotypic variation in these traits expressed no such consistency. Highly significant sources of variation (P<0.001) for the length of lactation were farm and year of production, while the length of lactation had a significant influence (P<0.001) only for total milk yield variability.U cilju istraživanja svojstava mlijeÄnosti (proizvodnja mlijeka u punoj laktaciji, PM; udjel mlijeÄne masti, MM; proizvodnja mlijeka po danu, DM; i dužina laktacije u danima, DL) balkanskih koza uzgajanih u ālow-inputā proizvodnim sustavima analizirano je 440 laktacijskih podataka 118 koza s devet farmi iz jugoistoÄnog dijela Srbije. U opÄem linearnom modelu za analizu varijabilnosti dužine laktacije, kao fiksni faktori, bili su ukljuÄeni utjecaji farme, godine roÄenja, godine proizvodnje i rednog broja laktacije. U analizi proizvodnih svojstava, uz veÄ spomenute fiksne faktore, kao nezavisno promjenjiva veliÄina bila je ukljuÄena i dužina laktacije. Maksimalna proizvodnja mlijeka (392 kg) i najveÄi udjel mlijeÄne masti
(3,89%) ostvaren je u treÄoj laktaciji. Farma, godina proizvodnje i redni broj laktacije bili su vrlo znaÄajni izvori varijabilnosti (P<0,001) za proizvodnju mlijeka, dnevnu mlijeÄnost i postotak mlijeÄne masti, dok godina roÄenja, kao faktor fenotipskog variranja, kod ovih svojstava nije pokazala takvu konzistentnost. Visoko znaÄajni izvori variranja (P<0,001) za dužinu laktacije bili su farma i godina proizvodnje, dok je dužina laktacije znaÄajno utjecala (P<0,001) samo na varijabilnost proizvodnje mlijeka
ZnaÄaj bivola u proizvodnji mleka i stanje populacije u Srbiji
This research paper gives an analysis on the size of world's domestic buffalo populations, their milk production and the size of buffalo population in Serbia. Population of domestic buffalo in the world is constantly increasing so that in 2013 there were 199 783 549 individuals, out of which in India in the same year they raised 57.77% of buffalo world population, in Pakistan 18.87%, and in China 11.64%. The share of total world production of buffalo milk in total world milk production in 2012 was 12.92 % or 97 417 135 t out of which 67.76% was produced in India. In Serbia buffalo is raised in the regions of RaÅ”ka (about 1000 individuals) and Kosovo. Populations of buffalo in central Serbia show a tendency of decreasing in size what was the reason to start a programme of in situ conservation 10 years ago. On the sample of buffalo population encompassed by the programme of conservation the body measures were analysed indicating that the population of buffalo is quite unequalised and that average values obtained for exterior measures are similar to the results obtained by the authors of earlier period for the population of buffalo in the area of former Yugoslavia.U radu je analizirano brojno stanje domaÄih bivola u svetu, proizvodnja mleka bivola, kao i stanje populacije bivola u Srbiji. Populacija domaÄih bivola u svetu stalno raste i 2013. godine bilo je 199.783.549 grla, a od tog broja u Indiji je u 2013. godini gajeno 57,77% svetske populacije bivola, u Pakistanu 18,87%, a u Kini 11,64%. UÄeÅ”Äe ukupne svetske proizvodnje bivoljeg mleka u ukupnoj svetskoj proizvodnji mleka 2012. godine bilo je 12,92 % ili 97.417.135 t, a od toga je 67,76% proizvedeno u Indiji. U Srbiji bivoli se gaje u podruÄju RaÅ”ke oblasti (oko 1000 bivola) i na podruÄju Kosova. Populacija bivola u centralnoj Srbiji ima tendenciju smanjenja veliÄine, zbog Äega je pre 10 godina poÄeo da se sprovodi program konzervacije. Na uzorku populacije (37 bivolica) obuhvaÄene programom in situ konzervacije utvrÄene su proseÄne vrednosti za telesne mere. Visina grebena bivolica u populaciji koja je merena bila je 125,97 cm, visina krsta 126,98cm, dužina trupa 142,19cm, dubina grudi 68,75 cm, Å”irina grudi 44,48cm, a obim grudi 184,25 cm. Populacija bivolica je bila dosta neujednaÄena Å”to ukazuje na odsustvo odgajivaÄko-selekcijskog rada kod bivola u Srbiji u prethodnim decenijama
MoguÄnosti upotrebe selekcijskog indeksa u proceni priplodne vrednosti krava HolÅ”tajn rase u Srbiji
The conducted research was aimed at constructing equations of selection index that would be used in the selection of the Holstein-Friesian breed animals in Serbia. The construction of the selection index includes the most important milk traits observed in standard lactation: milk yield (MY305), milk fat content (% MF305) and protein content (% MP305). The variance and covariance necessary for the construction of selection index are calculated using the mixed model by the method of least squares. The economic value of traits is expressed as a ratio of relative changes in costs per unit of traits included in the selection index. Livestock included in the research produced, in the first standard lactation, an average of 7681 kg of milk with 3.58% milk fat and 3.28% protein. The equation of the selection index presented in the paper is selected from the group of equations of selection index, as an equation with the highest correlation between the equation and the aggregate genotype, which amounted to 0.2156.Sprovedeno istraživanje imalo je za cilj konstruisanje jednaÄine selekcijskog indeksa koja bi se koristila u odabiru grla holÅ”tajn-frizijske rase u Srbiji. U konstrukciju selekcijskog indeksa ukljuÄene su najvažnije osobine mleÄnosti posmatrane u standardnoj laktaciji: prinos mleka (PM305), sadržaj mleÄne masti (%MM305) i sadržaj proteina (%MP305). Varijanse i kovarijanse neophodne za konstrukciju selekcijskog indeksa izraÄunate su primenom meÅ”ovitog modela metodom najmanjih kvadrata. Ekonomska vrednost osobina je izražena kao odnos relativne promene troÅ”kova po jedinici osobina ukljuÄenih u selekcijski indeks. Grla obuhvaÄena istraživanjem proseÄno su proizvela u prvoj standardnoj laktaciji 7681 kg mleka sa 3,58 % mleÄne masti i 3,28% proteina. JednaÄina selekcijskog indeksa prikazana u radu odabrana je iz grupe jednaÄina selekcijskog indeksa, kao jednaÄina sa najveÄom korelacijom izmeÄu jednaÄine i agregatnog genotipa, koja je iznosila 0,2156.
Financial and socioeconomic analysis of waste management projects
U radu je provedena simulacija financijske i socioekonomske analize na hipotetskom primjeru projekta izgradnje regionalnog odlagaliÅ”ta. Analiza je pokazala da odreÄeni investicijski projekti, posebno u zemljama u razvoju, zbog definiranja socioekonomski prihvatljivih cijena, imaju nisku ili negativnu stopu financijske rentabilnosti, pa se konaÄna odluka o realizaciji tih projekata donosi nakon provoÄenja socioekonomske analize. Projekti koje je moguÄe izvesti, financijsko održivi, ali ne i komercijalno isplativi, pogodni su za javno financiranje.A simulation of a financial and socio-economic analysis of a regional landfill construction project is conducted in the paper on a hypothetical example. The analysis showed that certain investment projects, particularly in developing countries, have a low or negative rate of financial profitability, due to the need to define a socio-economically acceptable price. The final decision on the implementation of these projects is taken after conducting an appropriate socioeconomic analysis. Projects that are technically feasible and financially sustainable, but not commercially profitable, are suitable for public funding