Perceived senior leadership opportunities in MNCs: The effect of social hierarchy and capital

Drawing on the structural perspective in organizational theory, this study develops a conceptual framework of the social hierarchy within the multinational corporation (MNC). We suggest that parent country nationals (PCNs), host country nationals (HCNs), and third country nationals (TCNs) occupy distinctively different positions in the social hierarchy, which are anchored in their differential control or access to various forms of capital or strategically valuable organizational resources. We further suggest that these positions affect employees’ perceptions of senior leadership opportunities, defined as the assessment of the extent to which nationality and location influence access to senior leadership opportunities. Using multilevel analysis of survey data from 2039 employees in seven MNCs, the study reveals two significant findings. First, HCNs and TCNs perceive that nationality and location influence access to senior leadership opportunities more than PCNs. Second, three moderating factors – gender, tenure, and education – increase the perception gaps between PCNs on the one hand and HCNs and TCNs on the other, although these results are inconsistent. These findings indicate that the structural position of PCNs, HCNs, and TCNs in the social hierarchy affect sense-making and perceptions of access to senior leadership opportunities

Predictors of Sinonasal Improvement After Highly Effective Modulator Therapy in Adults with Cystic Fibrosis

The 22-question SinoNasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) assesses chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) severity. We aimed to identify predictors of SNOT-22 score improvement following highly effective modulator therapy (HEMT) initiation and to corroborate the SNOT-22 minimal clinically important difference (MCID) in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF)

Impact of Sociodemographic Status and Sex on Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Olfaction in People with Cystic Fibrosis.

Sociodemographic status (SDS) including race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status as approximated by education, income, and insurance status impact pulmonary disease in people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF). The relationship between SDS and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains understudied

Tumble Graphs: Avoiding Misleading End Point Extrapolation When Graphing Interactions From a Moderated Multiple Regression Analysis

This article revisits how the end points of plotted line segments should be selected when graphing interactions involving a continuous target predictor variable. Under the standard approach, end points are chosen at ±1 or 2 standard deviations from the target predictor mean. However, when the target predictor and moderator are correlated or the conditional variance of the target predictor depends on the moderator variable value, these end points may reside in regions with little or no supporting data, encouraging potentially erroneous interpretations of the interaction, in particular, and patterns in the data, in general. Tumble graphs are introduced to minimize the likelihood of these problems. The utility of the Tumble graph over the standard approach is demonstrated with a real data example

Estimating and Testing for Differential Treatment Effects on Outcomes When the Outcome Variances Differ

Researchers working in the context of randomized trials routinely estimate and test for treatment effects on the study outcomes. This article discusses the merits of assessing differential treatment effects across outcomes and proposes a multivariate approach using standardized outcomes for this purpose. This multivariate approach extends prior approaches to an arbitrary number of treatment groups and outcomes and does not require that the within-group covariance matrix have particular properties (e.g., sphericity). Theoretical analyses articulate the inferential basis for earlier recommendations for data standardization prior to analysis and demonstrate that inferential procedures (e.g., null hypothesis significance tests and confidence intervals) can exhibit poor operating characteristics when unstandardized outcome data are used for analysis and differential standardized treatment effects are the conceptual, intended target of inference. This article explores these and other issues (e.g., statistical power to detect and confidence intervals for differential standardized treatment effects) and demonstrates the proposed approach using data from a published experiment. The theoretical utility of differential treatment-effect evidence is considered from a construct validity perspective for randomized trials. The proposed approach provides inferential procedures to evaluate theoretically motivated predictions for differential treatment effects on the outcomes; failure to support such predictions either calls the construct validity of the randomized trial into question or the underlying theory. The proposed approach also enables the detection of differences in treatment effects on the outcomes that are not theoretically expected; such results, especially if replicated, would motivate the need for theoretical refinements

Detecting and Differentiating the Direction of Change and Intervention Effects in Randomized Trials

Calls continue for randomized interventions in organizational settings. In many cases, however, practical constraints require researchers to use 2-wave randomized pretest–posttest control group designs. We discuss the importance of randomized trials for theory development with a focus on analytic options for 2-wave designs. Our discussion has implications for both designing studies and interpreting results. We review 23 published work and organizational health psychology intervention studies and find that a majority of studies featured a statistical model known to have low statistical power relative to other options. Furthermore, a majority of studies invoked terminology implying the direction of change without providing explicit statistical tests. To improve research practice, we detail statistical power differences in 3 commonly used statistical models and emphasize the distinction between (a) intervention effects and (b) the size and direction of change over time. We encourage researchers to provide inferential evidence for both types of information and show that only 1 of the 3 reviewed models provides information on the direction of change over time, but at a potential expense for statistical power to detect intervention effects. A reanalysis of data from a published work–family workplace intervention illustrates these nuances and supports recommendations for research practice. We conclude by providing recommendations

Is Sentence Ambiguity Comprehension Affected After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury? Results Suggest Cognitive Control is More Important Than Diagnosis.

Individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) may experience chronic cognitive-linguistic impairments that are difficult to evaluate with existing measures. Garden path sentences are linguistically complex sentences that lead readers down a path to an incorrect interpretation. Previous research indicates many individuals, with or without mTBI, may have difficulty fully resolving the ambiguity of garden path sentences, a skill which may require cognitive control. Evidence suggests cognitive control can be impacted by mTBI. Thus, impairments in cognitive control are expected to correlate with interpreting ambiguous sentences

Rapid Serial Visual Presentation Interacts with Ambiguity During Sentence Comprehension

Conventional opinion about using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) for examining sentence comprehension maintains that RSVP taxes working memory (WM), which probably affects sentence processing. However, most RSVP studies only infer the involvement of WM. Other cognitive resources, such as cognitive control or vocabulary may also impact sentence comprehension and interact with RSVP. Further, sentence ambiguity is predicted to interact with RSVP and cognitive resources to impact sentence comprehension. To test these relationships, participants read ambiguous and unambiguous sentences using RSVP and Whole-Sentence presentation, followed by comprehension questions that were targeted to the ambiguous region of the sentences. Presentation type and ambiguity interacted to affect RT such that the effect of RSVP was exaggerated for ambiguous sentences. RT effects were moderated by WM and vocabulary. WM and cognitive control affected accuracy. Findings are discussed in light of depth of processing and the impact of cognitive resources on sentence comprehension

The Effects of Sleep on Workplace Cognitive Failure and Safety

Healthy employee sleep is important for occupational safety, but the mechanisms that explain the relationships among sleep and safety-related behaviors remain unknown. We draw from Crain, Brossoit, and Fisher\u27s (in press) work, nonwork, and sleep (WNS) framework and Barnes\u27 (2012) model of sleep and self-regulation in organizations to investigate the influence of construction workers\u27 self-reported sleep quantity (i.e., duration) and quality (i.e., feeling well-rest upon awakening, ability to fall asleep and remain asleep) on workplace cognitive failures (i.e., lapses in attention, memory, and action at work) and subsequent workplace safety behaviors (i.e., safety compliance and safety participation) and reports of minor injuries. Construction workers from two public works agencies completed surveys at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Our results suggest that workers with more insomnia symptoms on average reported engaging in fewer required and voluntary safety behaviors and were at a greater risk for workplace injuries. These effects were mediated by workplace cognitive failures. In addition, workers with greater sleep insufficiency on average reported lower safety compliance, but this effect was not mediated by workplace cognitive failures. These results have implications for future workplace interventions, suggesting that organizations striving to improve safety should prioritize interventions that will reduce workers\u27 insomnia symptoms and improve their ability to quickly fall asleep and stay asleep throughout the night

Relating Age, Decision Authority, Job Satisfaction, and Mental Health: A Study of Construction Workers

Job autonomy is a critical job characteristic in the construction industry, with lower levels of autonomy compared to the general working population. Moreover, there is a paucity of work on individual difference moderators, such as age, considering the effect of job autonomy in important outcomes, such as job satisfaction and mental health. The purpose of the present study was to test a model of moderated-mediation, in which the interaction between decision authority (i.e., a type of autonomy) and age affects job satisfaction, which in turn affects mental health. The model tested is significant, and as expected, decision authority increased the satisfaction of older construction workers more than their younger colleagues, which in turn increased their mental health. We discuss our results in terms of selective optimization and compensation theory and implications for organizational practices