The Best Laid Plans: Access to the Rajiv Aarogyasri community health insurance scheme of Andhra Pradesh

This paper is a qualitative assessment of a public health insurance scheme in the state of Andhra Pradesh, south India, called the Rajiv Aarogyasri Community Health Insurance Scheme (or Aarogyasri), using the case-study method. Focusing on inpatient hospital care and especially on surgical treatments leaves the scheme wanting in meeting the health care needs of and addressing the impoverishing health expenditure incurred by the poor, especially those living in rural areas. Though well-intentioned, people from vulnerable sections of society may find the scheme ultimately unhelpful for their needs. Through an in-depth qualitative approach, the paper highlights not just financial difficulties but also the non-financial barriers to accessing health care, despite the existence of a scheme such as Aarogyasri. Narrative evidence from poor households offers powerful insights into why even the most innovative state health insurance schemes may not achieve their goals and systemic corrections needed to address barriers to health care

The Best Laid Plans: Access to the Rajiv Aarogyasri community health insurance scheme of Andhra Pradesh

This paper is a qualitative assessment of a public health insurance scheme in the state of Andhra Pradesh, south India, called the Rajiv Aarogyasri Community Health Insurance Scheme (or Aarogyasri), using the case-study method. Focusing on inpatient hospital care and especially on surgical treatments leaves the scheme wanting in meeting the health care needs of and addressing the impoverishing health expenditure incurred by the poor, especially those living in rural areas. Though well-intentioned, people from vulnerable sections of society may find the scheme ultimately unhelpful for their needs. Through an in-depth qualitative approach, the paper highlights not just financial difficulties but also the non-financial barriers to accessing health care, despite the existence of a scheme such as Aarogyasri. Narrative evidence from poor households offers powerful insights into why even the most innovative state health insurance schemes may not achieve their goals and systemic corrections needed to address barriers to health care

Fat mass: a novel digital biomarker for remote monitoring that may indicate risk for malnutrition and new complications in decompensated cirrhosis

Background: Cirrhosis is associated with sarcopaenia and fat wasting, which drive decompensation and mortality. Currently, nutritional status, through body composition assessment, is not routinely monitored in outpatients. Given the deleterious outcomes associated with poor nutrition in decompensated cirrhosis, there is a need for remotely monitoring this to optimise community care. // Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients monitored remotely with digital sensors post hospital discharge, to assess outcomes and indicators of new cirrhosis complications. 15 patients had daily fat mass measurements as part of monitoring over a median 10 weeks, using a Withing’s bioimpedance scale. The Clinical Frailty Score (CFS) was used to assess frailty and several liver disease severity scores were assessed. // Results: 73.3% (11/15) patients were male with a median age of 63 (52–68). There was a trend towards more severe liver disease based on CLIF-Consortium Acute Decompensation (CLIF-C AD) scores in frail patients vs. those not frail (53 vs 46, p = 0.072). When the cohort was split into patients who gained fat mass over 8 weeks vs. those that lost fat mass, the baseline CLIF-C AD scores and WBC were significantly higher in those that lost fat (58 vs 48, p = 0.048 and 11.2 × 109 vs 4.7 × 109, p = 0.031). // Conclusions: This proof-of-principle study shows feasibility for remote monitoring of fat mass and nutritional reserve in decompensated cirrhosis. Our results suggest fat mass is associated with greater severity of acute decompensation and may serve as an indicator of systemic inflammatory response. Further prospective studies are required to validate this digital biomarker

Strengthening primary health systems in India

Crippling out of pocket health expenditure and lack of access to health care among the poor are significant challenges to improving health in India. In the highly populated states of Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Madhya Pradesh (MP), which are home to 154 million people, many live in poverty and suffer high rates of disease and mortality. Leading international health expert Professor Mala Rao has been evaluating health financing schemes in both of these states to assess their effectiveness and efficiency on behalf of organisations such as the UK Department for International Development (DFID), and supported by the Wellcome Trust, IDRC and the Rockefeller Foundation. Rao’s review of the Government of Madhya Pradesh’s State Illness Assistance Fund (SIAF) revealed that the scheme was underused and inequitable. It also exposed a poor data management system and highlighted that access to treatment was complex and burdensome. The review supported the development of more efficient financial support for care of the seriously ill and led to significant improvements such as the constitution of a State Steering Group which was tasked with overseeing the restructuring of the scheme. Government orders reflecting Rao’s recommendations have since resulted in a change to the fund management and delivery, re-negotiated costs with healthcare providers, devolved powers to authorize funds at district level, and better verification of SIAF-funded patients. Subsequently, the World Bank has acknowledged ‘substantial progress’ in the management of the scheme, laying the foundations for the eventual development of a single comprehensive health delivery system. For citizens, the number of annual total approvals for treatment has risen more than threefold, and a new feedback system is now being used to support improved monitoring, evaluation and selection of healthcare providers. A separate assessment of the Government of Andhra Pradesh’s (GoAP) Rajiv Aarogyasri Community Health Insurance scheme indicated a need for hospital-based healthcare schemes to be built on a strong platform of primary (family) care. The assessment also informed the development of a similar scheme in Maharashtra, the 'control' state in the research. Findings from both assessments supported the promotion of comprehensive primary care as the most effective means to reduce healthcare costs and improve health literacy, helping people to better understand their health care entitlements and navigate complex care pathways. In recognition of her work, Rao was appointed by the Chair of the Health Workstream of the UK-India CEO Forum as the Public Health academic expert to lead the development of a White Paper exploring the benefits and practicalities of a primary care partnership between India and the UK. The paper reached a very wide global audience of health policy leaders when it was published in the British Medical Journal in May 2012 (doi:10.1136/bmj.e3151). In India, the paper, and its discussion at a UK-India workshop in 2012, influenced the Government of India to encourage states to plan primary care pilots which would inform the development of comprehensive primary care, as a crucial platform for affordable universal health care. In Kerala, Rao has helped to develop proposals for piloting a new model of care across three primary health centres. In May 2013, the Government of India approved funding for the Government of Kerala to implement the proposal, which if successful, will be replicated across the country to reduce out-of-pocket expenses for outpatient care, provide better and more comprehensive and systematic community based care for people with a wide range of medical conditions, and reduce the need for secondary care.Impact case study - UEL website versionImpact case study submitted to REF2014 assessmen

RNA-seq analysis in plant–fungus interactions

Many fungi are pathogens that infect important food and plantation crops, reducing both yield and quality of food products. Understanding plant–fungus interactions is crucial as knowledge in this area is required to formulate sustainable strategies to improve plant health and crop productivity. High-throughput RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) enables researchers to gain insights of the mixed and multispecies transcriptomes in plant–fungus interactions. Interpretation of huge data generated by RNA-seq has led to new insights in this area, facilitating a system approach in unraveling interactions between plant hosts and fungal pathogens. In this review, the application and challenges of RNA-seq analysis in plant–fungus interactions will be discussed