Working Paper 59 - The Mineral and Energy Sectors and Stages of Economic Development: A Comparative Input - Output Analysis

In this paper, an input-output framework is used for measuring thesignificance of domestic levels of mineral and energy sectors for variouseconomies at different stages of economic development. The aim is to determinethe significance of industry interconnectedness between each mineral and energysector and the rest of the economy. The rationale is that development plannersprefer sectors with extensive inter-industry ties to enclave sectors or sectorswith a few industry connections. It has been argued that the mineral sector isnothing but an enclave sector. Following a brief evaluation of the literatureconcerning the importance of mining and energy-related activities for economicdevelopment, an empirical analysis was performed employing a static inputoutputframework to measure mineral and energy sector impacts. The focus ison quantifiable linkages between the mineral and energy sectors and the rest ofthe economy. Direct, indirect and induced impacts are felt through macroeconomicmeasures such as gross national income and output. Both multipliersand linkages which capture these effects are derived. The results presentedhere emphasise the significant role of the mineral and energy sectors in economicdevelopment. Mineral and energy sectors are able to generate great industryinter-linkages and high output. Nonetheless, the opportunities for generatinggrowth prospects seem to vary with the type of mineral and energy activityundertaken as well as with the level of economic development achieved by thecountry.

OPTIMAL RATE OF APPLIED NITROGEN AND CHOICE OF REDUCED TILLAGE

The objective was to compare optimal long-term farm level investments in conservation tillage systems and annual nitrogen use in wheat production from a private and social perspective. The performance of four tillage systems was simulated on a 243 hectare (600-acre) Oklahoma wheat farm with six soil types. A decomposition method was used to find the optimal tillage system. It was found that private producers would select a disk chisel system while the less erosive sweep system was optimal from a social perspective.Crop Production/Industries,

Study On The High Temperature Performance Of Bio Modified Rubber Asphalt (Bmr)

The objective of this study is to produce an environmentally friendly paving material with enhanced high temperature performance. To do so, feasibility of synthesis an alternative asphalt binder from scrap tire rubber and bio-binder is investigated in this paper. The newly developed bio modified rubber is a hybrid viscoelastic thermoplastic adhesive composed of ambient crumb rubber and bio-binder. Bio-binder is produced from thermochemical conversion of swine manure, and crumb rubber is obtained from grinding of scrap tire. It should be emphasized that the aforementioned ingredients are derived from waste materials. Using crumb rubber as paving material can alleviate problems facing the solid waste management industry related to disposal of scrap tire. On the other side, production of bio-binder reduces the need of lagoons to store swine manure, and decreases noxious odor originating from swine manure stored in lagoons. This study concentrates on the high temperature properties and temperature susceptibility of the bio modified rubber. To develop bio-modified rubber bio-binder were mixed with various percentages of ambient crumb rubber 80 mesh (0.177mm) ranging from 5 up to 50% by the weight of asphalt binder. Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) was employed to measure the complex modulus (G*) and phase angle (δ) of un-aged and aged bio-modified rubber. Aging was conducted using rolling thin film oven (RTFO). The rotational viscometer (RV) was used to quantify the bio-modified rubber binder’s high temperature properties and pump-ability. It was found that bio-modified rubber binder’s viscosity decreases by increasing the bio-binder percentages at specified temperature. In addition, the increase of bio-binder percentages showed to improve temperature susceptibility and resistance to rutting. As such it was concluded that alternative asphalt with enhanced high temperature properties could be produced using scrap tire and bio-binder rubber

Study On The High Temperature Performance Of Bio Modified Rubber Asphalt (Bmr)

The objective of this study is to produce an environmentally friendly paving material with enhanced high temperature performance. To do so, feasibility of synthesis an alternative asphalt binder from scrap tire rubber and bio-binder is investigated in this paper. The newly developed bio modified rubber is a hybrid viscoelastic thermoplastic adhesive composed of ambient crumb rubber and bio-binder. Bio-binder is produced from thermochemical conversion of swine manure, and crumb rubber is obtained from grinding of scrap tire. It should be emphasized that the aforementioned ingredients are derived from waste materials. Using crumb rubber as paving material can alleviate problems facing the solid waste management industry related to disposal of scrap tire. On the other side, production of bio-binder reduces the need of lagoons to store swine manure, and decreases noxious odor originating from swine manure stored in lagoons. This study concentrates on the high temperature properties and temperature susceptibility of the bio modified rubber. To develop bio-modified rubber bio-binder were mixed with various percentages of ambient crumb rubber 80 mesh (0.177mm) ranging from 5 up to 50% by the weight of asphalt binder. Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) was employed to measure the complex modulus (G*) and phase angle (δ) of un-aged and aged bio-modified rubber. Aging was conducted using rolling thin film oven (RTFO). The rotational viscometer (RV) was used to quantify the bio-modified rubber binder’s high temperature properties and pump-ability. It was found that bio-modified rubber binder’s viscosity decreases by increasing the bio-binder percentages at specified temperature. In addition, the increase of bio-binder percentages showed to improve temperature susceptibility and resistance to rutting. As such it was concluded that alternative asphalt with enhanced high temperature properties could be produced using scrap tire and bio-binder rubber

La pauvreté monétaire reflète-t-elle la consommation calorique ?

La relation entre la pauvreté monétaire et la consommation alimentaire est complexe. A partir d'une enquête malienne, on montre que le niveau des dépenses totales par tête reflète mal la couverture des besoins caloriques. De nombreux ménages se retrouvent dans une situation paradoxale par rapport à l'interprétation la plus courante de la relation entre revenu et sous-alimentation. Des ménages pauvres parviennent à couvrir leurs besoins caloriques en consommant des calories à bas prix, alors que des ménages avec un niveau élevé de dépenses n'y parviennent pas parce qu'ils consomment des calories chères, ou qu'ils sacrifient l'alimentation au profit des dépenses de santé ou de transport. (Résumé d'auteur

Sustainably Growing Guinea’s Bauxite-Aluminum Industry

Guinea’s bauxite-aluminum industry is undergoing significant expansion of investment, concession agreements, and in-country mining and refining operations. In 2018, UNDP-Guinea and Columbia University developed a framework that would evaluate this development against metrics for social and environmental sustainability, such as energy access and diversification, water quality, land use, biodiversity restoration, waste management, and community engagement. Current environmental impacts measured in GHGs, a metric both economic and environmental, were compared to potential impacts anticipated as a consequence of expansion. These anticipated impacts include enormous increases in countrywide GHG emissions and significant regional shortfalls in access to electrical energy. Case studies from the international bauxite-aluminum industry were then used to illustrate best practices for climate mitigation and adaptation and to describe opportunities for regional collaboration on shared-use energy and infrastructure development (e.g., hydropower used across West Africa, rail transportation) while achieving measurable benefits to communities, NGOs, regulators, and mining companies