Markov Chain analysis of packet sequence for intrusion detection

Intrusion Detection is a broad and complex field in cybersecurity. There are varieties of existing methods with varying degrees of success, which attempt to classify various types of traffic as benign, or attacking. A tool that can do this consistently and reliably, and with minimal overhead is ideal, benefiting with respect to analysis overhead, as well as level of information privilege. This paper attempts to provide such a tool through packet sequence analysis. Packet sequence, as referred to in this paper, is the order and number of the exchange of packets. Sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) analysis is done on the sequence history of each pair of IP addresses in attempt to determine if the flow can be classified as an attack based solely on this. SPRT is performed for single class, two class, and with more specialized attack classes. Through manipulation of a large variety of parameters and analysis of results indicated that packet sequence can, under the right circumstances provide an indication of an attack. While this is true most of the attacks seen in the data tested, there is a high level of parameter tuning process involved. While likely not all attacks will be identifiable by this method, for those attacks which do not appear readily and obviously useful, there are several which show promise with different configurations of parameters, and could potentially be useful with a higher degree of tuning

Scott Redford: A New Approach to the Permeability of Political Symbolism in Rum Seljuk Turkey

As his work transcends what is seen as iconography, from a strictly art history perspective, the choice of Scott Redford for portrayal in this rubric may seem surprising. However, regarding the applicability of iconographical approaches to the wider domain of cultural studies, precisely his adaptation of art history methods, which integrate disparate source material in a quest for meaning, sparked the interest of this issue of META.For most scholars in the field of Islamic history, researching premodern times normally involves reading narrative sources, that is, chronicles. Despite the so-called "documentary turn" taking place in Mamluk and Ottoman Syria, scholars of the Middle East lack the vast array of archival material that is available to their colleagues working on Medieval Europe. Thus, taking into account other types of material generally neglected by historians might be useful (more in the tradition of archaeologists and art historians who do include material culture in general). This article discusses Scott Redford's approach to combining written sources, epigraphy, and archaeological findings of the Seljuks of Rum in 13th century Anatolia in order to gain more insight into the iconography of power in a remote Islamic past

Calculation of Forage Value and Suitability for Silage of Autochthonous Plant Mixtures Found in Peat Soil Grassland in Relation to the Cut-Off Date

The semi-extensive management of permanent grassland results in autochthonous plant mixtures whose productivity and forage quality dynamics are relatively unknown, but important for its utilisation. There are enormous differences in forage value and the suitability for silage depending on botanical composition, cutting date or grazing date. The time-based changes in the forage value are of economic interest for the farmers and important for determining a utilisation strategy

Differences of Energy Density from Plant Species Found in Permanent Grassland Using the Cellulase Method in Comparison to the Crude Nutrient Method

If no special instructions have been given, the metabolic energy (MJ/kg DM) and the energy density (MJ NEL/kg DM) of grass samples are calculated by the agricultural test institute using a standard valuation formula as regards crude nutrients, crude fiber content, crude protein contents and crude ash. On the other hand, it is well known from feeding tests that permanent grassland grasses and herbs, which may be dominant under semi-intensive or extensive management, can have low digestibility and low energy density

Social media and the Islamic State : understanding the motivations for jihadi brides : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Defence and Security Studies at Massey University, New Zealand

This thesis examines the motivations of women who joined the Islamic State after engaging with the terrorist organisation and their supporters on social media. Public social media posts made by Aqsa Mahmood and Hoda Muthana, two western women who joined the Islamic State in 2013 and 2014, are analysed through the theoretical framework of social identity theory to determine the factors that drove them to depart for Syria to become wives and mothers for the Islamic State. From here, these common trends are considered in terms of contemporary countermeasures designed to counter terrorist recruitment on social media, to consider how effective these might have been in preventing the Islamic State's recruitment of women online

Überlegungen zum Fortschritt der historischen Lexikographie der kroatischen Sprache

Polazeći od prikaza nekih elementarnih pretpostavaka za povijesnu leksikografiju i osnovnih koraka razvoja hrvatskoga književnog jezika, autor opisuje objekte potpunoga povijesnog rječnika hrvatskog jezika. Ocjenjuje dosada dostignuto stanje dokumentacije razvoja hrvatskoga rjerničkog blaga, te zaključuje što su zahtjevi za buduće povijesne rječnike hrvatskoga jezika.Ausgehend von einer Darstellung elementarer Voraussetzungen für eine historische Lexikographie und einer elementaren Skizze der Entwicklung der kroatischen Standardsprache beschreibe ich die Gegenstände eines vollständigen historischen Wörterbuchs des Kroatischen. Ich bewerte den Stand der Dokumentation der Entwicklung des kroatischen Wortschatzes und schließe mit den Anforderungen an zukünftige historische Wörterbücher des Kroatischen

Der \u27vinogradar\u27 im slavisch-germanischen Kontaktbereich

U srednjovjekovnim jezičnim kontaktima južni su Slaveni davatelji, a istočni su Slaveni prirnatelji. Neki posebni primjeri (osobito Marijinsko evanđelje) vrijedni su daljnjih istraživanja. U novije doba utjecaji su obratni. Tradicija riječi \u27vinogradar\u27 pokazuje da treba imati na umu unutrašnji razvitak istočnoslavenskih jezika, u okviru kojeg moskovski ruski jezik posuđuje riječi iz ukrajinskog jezika (takozvani treći južnoslavenski utjecaj na velikoruski jezik). Obrađuje se proces posuđivanja riječi iz istočnoslavenskih jezika u hrvatski prema kriteriju kulturnopolitičkih veza, koje se razlikuju od onih u Srbiji. Za riječ \u27vinogradar\u27 pokazuje se da je razvitak u Srbiji isprekidan i da se riječ preuzima iz Rusije. Za katoličku sredinu \u27vinogradar\u27 pokazuje da mogu postojati razvojne tradicije bez utjecaja iz pravoslavne sredine do kraja 18. stoljeća. Mogući izvori za riječi u Hrvatskoj jesu, osim Slovenije, Crna Gora sa svojim kontaktima s Dubrovnikom i ukrajinizirani liturgijski tekstovi glagoljaša. To znači da mogu postojati isprekidane strukture u tradiciji riječi i u povijesti hrvatskoga jezika. Identičan rezultat razvitka u Hrvatskoj i u Srbiji nije obavezno posljedica direktnoga posuđivanja. Riječ \u27vinogradar\u27 dospjela je u slovenski i hrvatskokajkavski jezik putern slovensko-germanskih kontakata, pa je odande proslijeđena dalje u Bugarsku i Srbiju kroz crkvenoslavenske rukopise. Iz Bugarske i Srbije mogla je vrlo rano biti preuzeta u istočnoslavenski jezični prostor.In mittelalterlichen Kontaktsituationen sind die Südslaven Geber, die Ostslaven Empfänger. Einige besondere Beispiele (vor allem der Codex Marianus) verdienen weitere Forschungsarbeit. In der Neuzeit kehren sich die Verhältnisse um. Die Geschichte des Wortes \u27vinogradar\u27 zeigt, daß man zunächst die Binnenentwicklung der ostslavischen Schriftsprachen berücksichtigen muß, im Rahmen derer die russische Sprache im Moskauer Staat im 17. Jahrhundert aus der ukrainischen Sprache Wörter entlehnt (so genannter 3. südslavischer Einfluß). Das Problem von Entlehnungsprozessen aus den ostslavischen Sprachen nach Kroatien wird unter dem Gesichtspunkt seiner kulturpolitischen Voraussetzungen behandelt. Diese unterscheiden sich von den Gegebenheiten in Serbien. Der konkrete Fall des \u27vinogradar\u27 zeigt, daß für Serbien eine diskontinuierliche Entwicklung mit einer Rückentlehnung des Wortes aus Rußland vorliegt. Für den katholischen Raum ergibt sich für das Beispiel \u27vinogradar\u27, daß die Entwicklung bis zum Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts völlig ohne Beeinflussung aus dem orthodoxen Kulturkreis verlaufen sein kann. Potentielle Einfallstore nach Kroatien sind neben Slovenien das Montenegro mit seinen Kontakten zu Dubrovnik und vor allem die ukrainisierten liturgischen Texte der Glagoliten. D.h. daβ auch die kroatische Sprache potentiell diskontinuierliche Entwicklungen durchlaufen kann. Identische Resultate der kroatischen und serbischen Entwicklungen müssen nicht unbedingt auf eine unmittelbare Kontaktsituation zurückgehen. Der vinogradar ist im slavisch-germanischen Kontaktbereich in das Slovenische gelangt und von dort über kirchenslavische Handschriften nach Bulgarien und Serbien vermittelt worden. Aus Bulgarien oder Serbien kann das Wort sehr früh in den ostslavischen Raum weitervermittelt worden sein

The Clinical Assessment and Remote Administration Tablet

Electronic data capture of case report forms, demographic, neuropsychiatric, or clinical assessments, can vary from scanning hand-written forms into databases to fully electronic systems. Web-based forms can be extremely useful for self-assessment; however, in the case of neuropsychiatric assessments, self-assessment is often not an option. The clinician often must be the person either summarizing or making their best judgment about the subject’s response in order to complete an assessment, and having the clinician turn away to type into a web browser may be disruptive to the flow of the interview. The Mind Research Network has developed a prototype for a software tool for the real-time acquisition and validation of clinical assessments in remote environments. We have developed the clinical assessment and remote administration tablet on a Microsoft Windows PC tablet system, which has been adapted to interact with various data models already in use in several large-scale databases of neuroimaging studies in clinical populations. The tablet has been used successfully to collect and administer clinical assessments in several large-scale studies, so that the correct clinical measures are integrated with the correct imaging and other data. It has proven to be incredibly valuable in confirming that data collection across multiple research groups is performed similarly, quickly, and with accountability for incomplete datasets. We present the overall architecture and an evaluation of its use