92 research outputs found
Pecan (Carya illinoinensis/Wangenh./K. Koch): A new species of the Allochthonous dendroflora in Serbia
This paper presents the alien species Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch,
carya-pecan, (Juglandaceae A. Richard ex Kunth) that has not been mentioned
so far in the dendroflora of Serbia. One tree was recorded within the first
Serbian sugar factory in Äukarica that is now a protected cultural property
in the City of Belgrade. The tree is about 35 years old and about 20 m high.
The length of the trunk without branches is 6.0 m and the diameter at breast
height is 57 cm. Carya-pecan is a native species of the southeastern part of
North America, and is grown in Europe for edible fruits and quality wood. The
recorded tree in Belgrade is fruitful and characterized by good vitality and
rapid growth. Due to its special characteristics, it can have multiple
practical application in the territory of Serbia for decoration in urban
areas, for forest plantations and in orchards. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke
Republike Srbije, br. 31041: Å umski zasadi u funkciji poveÄanja poÅ”umljenosti
Srbije
The importance of forest cultivation measures to protect forests from fires in Deliblato Sands (Serbia)
Na temelju organiziranog rada na poÅ”umljavanju Deliblatske peÅ”Äare u razdoblju od dva stoljeÄa, danas je dominantno uspostavljena faza pionirskih vrsta drveÄa, meÄu kojima bagrem i borovi zauzimaju viÅ”e od 90% obrasle povrÅ”ine, od ukupno 17.552 ha Å”uma. Sastojine bagrema su na povrÅ”ini od 11.320 ha (64,49 %), sastojine crnog i bijelog bora i ostalih Äetinara su na povrÅ”ini od 4.748 ha (27,05 %), dok ostale vrste listaÄa (ameriÄki jasen, poljski jasen, crni orah, vrba, hrastovi, lipe, topole i dr.) zauzimaju povrÅ”inu od 1.483 ha (8,45 %). U suvremenoj povijesti Deliblatske peÅ”Äare, u razdoblju od 1948.-2009. godine, konstatirano je 259 požara, s ukupno opožarenom povrÅ”inom 11.923 ha i opožarenom povrÅ”inom Å”uma 6.129 ha. Ukupno opožarena povrÅ”ina Å”uma u Äetiri katastrofalna požara: 1973., 1990., 1996. i 2007. godine iznosila je 4.103,1 ha, a na temelju udjela opožarene povrÅ”ine ÄetinjaÄa 73,4 %, može se zakljuÄiti da je fiziÄki okvir za njihovu pojavu odreÄivala povrÅ”ina i struktura kultura ÄetinjaÄa. Planska opredjeljenja u drugoj polovici dvadesetog stoljeÄa, na temelju kojih se zagovaralo poÅ”umljavanje borovima na velikim povrÅ”inama i održavanje velikih povrÅ”ina bagremom, zbog njihove ugroženosti od požara i zbog kratkih ophodnji i primjene Äiste sjeÄe u kulturama bagrema pri izdanaÄkom gospodarenju, nisu omoguÄila kontinuitet sa suvremenim ciljevima zaÅ”tite Deliblatske peÅ”Äare koja danas ima status specijalnog rezervata prirode, a uslijed požara nije ostvaren oÄekivan biomeliorativni uÄinak od strane podizanih Å”uma. Na primjeru prouÄavanih srednjedobnih umjetno podignutih sastojina bijele lipe u ovom radu se istiÄe bioloÅ”ka otpornost lipe na požare, jer su u razdoblju djelovanja katastrofalnih visokih Å”umskih požara 1996. i 2007. godine, u kojima su potpuno uniÅ”tene srednjedobne, pretežno, borove kulture na povrÅ”ini 1.896 hektara, sastojine bile u njihovom srediÅ”tu, saÄuvane i imaju kontinuitet. Na dvije trajne ogledne povrÅ”ine (OP-1 i OP-3) u sastojini bijele lipe s primjesama bijele topole, koja je formirana na tipu zemljiÅ”ta sirozem (regosol) na rastresitom karbonatnom pijesku (staniÅ”te Å”ume krupnolisnog medunca-Rhamneto-Quercetum virgilianae) i koja je bila u srediÅ”tu katastrofalnih visokih Å”umskih požara 1996. i 2007. godine, u starosti 46 i 52 godine, utvrÄeni su sljedeÄi elementi rasta za lipu: N=1962-1573 stabla po hektaru, G=37,13-38,01 m2 ha-1, V=342,02-375,00 m3 ha-1, Ivp=7,2-7,4 m3 ha-1. Sastojina od formiranja nije njegovana i na OP-1 u starosti sastojine 46 i 51 godina, na temelju dvije zakaÅ”njele, jake, prorede ukupno je posjeÄeno 1154 stabala lipe po hektaru ili 59 % od poÄetnog broja, 21,26 m2 ha-1 od ukupne temeljnice (47,3 %) i 182,63 m3 ha-1 od ukupnog obujma (47,5 %). U razdoblju 46.-51. godine tekuÄi prirast obujma preostalih stabala lipe iznosio je 11,23 m2 ha-1, u okviru kojega je prirast 184 stabla buduÄnosti (13,4 % stabala) iznosio 4,30 m3 ha-1 (38,3 %). Na temelju prethodno steÄenih iskustava o održivosti provedenih proreda na OP-1, provedena je zakaÅ”njela, jaka, proreda u starosti sastojine 52 godine, na OP-3, pri kojoj je ukupno posjeÄeno 729 stabala lipe po hektaru (46,4 %), s temeljnicama 14.05 m2 ha-1 (37,0 %) i obujmom od 139.0 m3 ha-1 (37,1 %). U starosti 56 godina (2013. godine), na temelju zapažanja na terenu, struktura sastojine na prorjeÄivanim pokusnim povrÅ”inama je oÄuvana, a stabla pokazuju vidljivi stupanj revitalizacije.On the basis of organized labor in the afforestation of Deliblato Sands for a period of two centuries, today is predominantly established phase pioneer tree species, including acacia and pine trees make up over 90 % covered, from a total of 17,552 ha of forests. Locust stands are an area of āā11,320 ha (64.49%), stands of red and white pine and other coniferous trees over an area of 4,748 ha (27.05 %), while other types of deciduous (American ash, ash, black walnut, willow, oak, linden, poplar, etc.) occupying an area of ā1,483 ha (8.45 %). In the modern history of the Deliblato Sands, in the period from 1948th to 2009th , it was found 259 fires, with a total surface affected 11,923 ha of forest areas affected by fire and 6,129 ha. The total area of āāforests burnt by four catastrophic fires: in 1973, 1990, 1996 and 2007 amounted to 4103.1 ha, based on the share of fire-affected areas of conifers 73.4%, it can be concluded that the physical framework for their appearance determined surface structure and culture of conifers. The planned commitments in the second half of the twentieth century, on the basis of which advocated afforestation pine trees over large areas and maintenance of large areas of locust due to their fire risk due to short rotation and the application of clear cutting in the cultures locust coppice management, did not allow continuity with contemporary goals protection of Deliblato Sands, which now has the status of a special nature reserve, and as a result of the fire has not achieved the expected impact of the biomeliorative erected in the forest. For example, studied a middle artificially established stands of white lime, this article highlights the biological resistance of lime on fire, because in a period of high activity catastrophic forest fires in 1996 and 2007, which are completely destroyed middle-aged, predominantly pine culture on the surface of 1.896 hectares, stands were in their center, preserved and have continuity. Two permanent sample plots (OP-1 and OP-3) in a stand of white lime with a touch of white poplar, which was formed on the soil type sierozem (regosol) on the scattered carbonate sand (forest habitat Vergiliusā oak-Rhamneto Quercetum virgilianae) and that was at the center of catastrophic forest fires high in 1996 and 2007 at the age of 46 and 52, set out the following elements of growth for silverleaf linden: ha-1, IVP = 7.2-7.4 m3 ha-1, V = 342.02 to 375.00 m3 N = 1962-1573 trees per hectare, G = 37.13 to 38.01 m2 ha-1. The stand of the formation Nourished and the OP-1 in the stand age 46 and 51 years, on the basis of two late, strong, thinning of the linden trees cut down in 1154 per hectare, or 59 % of the original number, 21.26 ha-1 from m2 ha-1 of total volume (47.5 %). total basal area (47.3 %) and 182.63 m3 In the period 46th to 51st The ha-1, current increment of volume remaining linden trees was 11.23 m2 which included a gain 184 trees of the future (13.4 % of the trees) was ha-1 (38.3 %). 4.30 m3 Based on previous experience acquired on sustainability conducted thinning the OP-1, was carried out late, strong thinning in stand age 52, the OP-3, at which a total of 729 trees felled lime per hectare (46.4 %), with ha-1 (37.1 %). ha-1 (37.0 %) and volume of 139.0 m3 basal 14:05 m2 At the age of 56 years (2013), based on observations in the field, the structure stands on experimental area is preserved, and the trees show a visible degree of revitalization
Effect of planting density on diameter structure of black poplar clones S6-7 and M-1 - section Aigeiros [Duby]
The parameters of diameter structure of two black poplar clones in the section Aigeiros Duby (S6-7 and M-1) are presented depending on three different spacings: 3x3 m, 4.25x4.25 m and 6x6 m. Modeling of diameter structure was performed by Weibullās function of probability distribution. We determined the effect of spacing (density) and clone both on the parameters and on the model diameter structure
Utjecaj jakih prorjeda na prirast i stabilnost stabala i sastojine smreke u starosti od 32. do 50. godine
The paper studies effects of two heavy thinnings on the increment and slenderness of various categories of trees and stability of the stand as a whole. The research was conducted on a permanent experimental plot in an Norway spruce (Picea abies /L./ Karst.) monoculture in Serbia. This monoculture was established with 5,000 seedlings per hectare on the site of mountain beech forest and the effects of heavy thinnings were investigated in the 33-40 and 41-50 age periods.To determine the thinning effects we compared current diameter increments (idt) and current height increments (iht) of dominant trees (D100 and D400) obtained by a detailed analysis of trees and of mean stand dominant trees (D100 and D400). At the stand level, we compared the current diameter (id), basal area (IG) and volume (IV) increments of all trees and of the same collective of aspirants in two periods after the thinnings, between the ages of 33 and 40, and between the ages of 41 and 50.The first thinning was carried out at the age of 32 when the dominant trees were 15 m tall and the next at the age of 40 when the dominant trees were above 20 m in height. They were both low (qd <0.85) and heavy selective thinnings (34-36% of the volume). A more significant increase in the diameter increment was recorded after the second thinning between the ages of 41 and 50. It amounted to 29.1% in aspirants and 36-42% in dominant trees (D100 and D400) compared to the period after the first thinning, i.e., between the ages of 33 and 40. The thinnings further contributed to the establishment of more favorable relations in diameter and height increments of the trees in the studied culture and thus improved their stability.Istraživanja su obavljena u kulturi smreke (Picea abies /L./ Karst.), koja je osnovana sa 5.000 sadnica po hektaru na staniÅ”tu planinske Å”ume bukve na nadmorskoj visini 870 m. Na osnovi usporedbe elemenata rasta istraživane kulture s elementima rasta u drugim mladim do srednjedobnim kulturama smreke, istraživana kultura je u kategoriji visokoproizvodnih kultura u Srbiji i Å”ire u Europi.Na trajnoj pokusnoj plohi, u dobro sklopljenom dijelu istraživane smrekove kulture u starosti 32 godine, izmjereno je 3.911 stabala po hektaru, s volumenom od 384,17 m3Ā·ha-1, a ukupno evidentiran prirast drvne zalihe sastojine do 40. godine iznosio je 561,85 m3Ā·ha-1, a do 50. godine 819,1 m3Ā·ha-1. Na osnovi dvije prorjede, u 32. i 40. godini i naknadno posjeÄenih tanjih stabala u razdoblju od 33. do 40. god., na pokusnoj plohi ukupno je posjeÄeno 2.844 stabla po hektaru (72,7%) volumena 279,4 m3Ā·ha-1 (tablica 1). NumeriÄki pokazatelji strukture stabala na pokusnoj plohi u 32., 40. i 50. godini prikazani su u tablici 2, a debljinska struktura na grafikonima 2, 3 i 4.Za definiranje utjecaja prorjeda na prirast stabala usporeÄen je teÄajni debljinski (idt) i visinski (iht) prirast u razdoblju od 25. do 32. godine i 33.-40. godine kod detaljno analiziranih dominantnih stabala (D100 i D400), a na sastojinskoj razini usporeÄen je teÄajni debljinski (idt) i visinski (iht) prirast u razdoblju od 33. do 40. godine i 41.do 50. godine kod dominantnih stabala (D100 i D400). Testiranje razlika izmeÄu teÄajnih prirasta u razliÄitim razdobljima obavljeno je uz pomoÄ t-testa. Na razini sastojine usporeÄen je i teÄajni prirast promjera, temeljnice i volumena svih stabala i stabala buduÄnosti (311 kom.āha-1) u razdoblju od 33.-40. godine i u razdoblju od 41.-50. godine. Neparametrijski Kolmogorov-Smirnov test koriÅ”ten je za meÄusobnu usporedbu struktura stupnja vitkosti (odnos h/d1,3). Istraživanja su omoguÄila da se definira utjecaj prorjeda na prirast i stupanj vitkosti razliÄitih kategorija stabla i sastojine u dva starosna razdoblja sastojine, 33.-40. i 41.-50. godine. Prva prorjeda u 32. godini, pri visini dominantnih stabala 15 m, imala je karakter selektivne prorjede, bila je niska (qd<0,85) i jaka (jaÄina prorjede je 36% volumena). Prorjeda je obavljena u starosti sastojine koja znaÄajnije ne odstupa od razdoblja kada se izvode prve ākomercijalneā prorjede u Europi. MeÄutim, tokovi teÄajnog debljinskog prirasta detaljno analiziranih dominantnih stabala (D100 i D400)Ā pokazali su da je prekasno izvrÅ”iti prorjedu u 32. godini, a model rasta (prirasta) visina ŃŠµ pokazao kulminaciju u 25. godini (kada su dominantna stabla postigla visinu 11 m), pa bi se 25. godina mogla oznaÄiti i kao godina u kojoj je najkasnije trebalo izvrÅ”iti prvu komercijalnu prorjedu (grafikon 7). ZateÄeni velik broj stabala, s velikom drvnom zalihom po hektaru, u 32. godini i jaka prorjeda uvjetovali suĀ visoki iznos prorjednog etata, od 115,13 m3āha-1, Å”to je u kategoriji najviÅ”ih iznosa volumena koji se okvirno preporuÄuju u literaturi za sliÄnu starost smrekovih kultura. U razdoblju od 33.-40 godine debljinski prirast je iznosio kod preostalih stabala 0,31 cmāgod-1, a kod stabala buduÄnosti 0,54 cmāgod.-1 (tablica 7). Dominantna stabla, posebno 400 najdebljih stabala po hektaru, nalazila su se u fazi velikog visinskog prirasta u vrijeme i poslije prorjede u 32. godini (tablica 5 i 6), Å”to je za posljedicu imalo poveÄanje stupnja vitkosti stabala, odnosno poveÄanje nestabilnosti sastojine (grafikon 8). Druga prorjeda u 40. godini, pri visini dominantnih stabala preko 20 m, imala je karakter selektivne prorjede, bila je niska (qd<0,85) i jaka (jaÄina prorjede je 34% volumena). Jaka prorjeda u 40. godini, s prorjednim etatom 142,28 m3āha-1, uvjetovala je veÄi debljinski prirast, odnosno bolju reakciju debljinskog prirasta na preostalim stablima, u odnosu na prorjedu u 32. godini. Stabla buduÄnosti imali su za 29%, a dominantna stabala (D100 i D400) za 36-42%, veÄi debljinski prirast u starosnom razdoblju od 41.-50. godine, u odnosu na starosno razdoblje 33.-40. godine, Å”to je uz opadajuÄi trend visinskog prirasta uvjetovalo i manji stupanj vitkosti, odnosno veÄu stabilnost stabala i sastojine (grafikon 8).Na osnovi navedenog, proizlazi da su provedene jake prorjede doprinijele uspostavljanju povoljnih odnosa u debljinskom i visinskom rastu stabala u istraživanoj kulturi i time poboljÅ”ale njihovu stabilnost
Effects of Silvicultural Measures in Devitalized Middle Aged Oak Stand (Quercus Robur L.) on Chernozem in Vojvodina
Na dvije trajne pokusne povrÅ”ine (P.P.-1 i P.P.-2) u jednoj sred nje dobnoj lužnjakovoj monokulturi, analizirani su uÄinci razliÄitih uzgojnih mjera, koje su poduzimane u svrhu njege sastojine i saniranja posljedica devi talizacije stabala. Proces devitalizacije utvrÄen je u 42. godini starosti sastojine i manifestirao se u koincidenciji nepovoljnog sastojinskog stanja i nepovoljnih egzogenih utjecaja. Na P.P.-1 u 42. i 48. godini provedena je uzgojno-sanitar na sjeÄa umjerenog i jakog zahvata, a na P.P.-2 uklanjana su suha stabla. Za defi niranje uÄinaka razliÄitih uzgojnih mjera u starosnom razdoblju od 43ā52. go-di ne, koriÅ”ten je teÄajni (prosjeÄni periodiÄki) debljinski prirast (id), svih preostalih stabala i stabala buduÄnosti. Na P.P.-1 srednja veliÄina te Äajnog debljinskog prirasta svih stabala veÄa je za 37 %, a stabala buduÄno sti za 35 %, u odnosu na P.P.-2. Ovisnost debljinskog prirasta od prsnih pro mjera kod svih stabala pokazuje srednje jaku korelaciju (R = 0,52ā0,54), a za grupu stabala buduÄnosti korelacija je slabije izražena (R = 0,28ā0,32).Past experience has shown that the application of silcivultural measures to pedunculate oak stands of lessened functional capacity is met with severe restrictions for the achievement of the desired results and goals. This work analyzes the effects of different silci vultural measures in comparative permanent sample plots (P.P. -1 and P.P. -2), undertaken with the purpose of tending the stands and improving the consequences of devitalisation.
Research was undertaken in an artificially established monoculture of pedunculate oak in Vojvodina (.n=45Ā° 49ā, .e=18Ā° 39ā). The altitude is 88 m, and the soil is chernozem non-carbonate, with the depth of the humus accumulative horizon of about 40ā50 cm. Mean annual air temperature is 10.9 Ā°C, and mean annual rainfall is 584 mm.
During the dormant vegetation season, two cross-section diameters were measured with an accuracy of 1 mm on all trees aged 42 and 52. All the marked trees were also measured when they reached the age of 48.
A silvicultural-salvage cut of moderate to heavy intensity was performed in P.P. 1 at the age of 42 and 48. A total of 128 future trees (FT) per hectare were selected in P.P.-1 at tree age 42. At the age of 52, the status was retained by 124 trees. The primary measure in P.P.-1 involved removing the strongest competition against future trees from the stand, so the treatment also had the character of selective thinning. Using similar silvicultural prin ciples, 156 dominant trees aged 42 were selected for comparison in P.P.-2. Of these, 148 trees retained the status of future trees at age 52, while P.P.-2 was left to natural tree se lection. During measurements in the year 42, a crown class (CC) and the degree of crown freedom position (CF) was determined for each tree. To assess crown damage intensity (defoliation), classification with degrees 0ā4 was used.
Data processing consisted of determining the numerical parameters of diameter struc ture, while the non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (|D| statistics) was used to com pare diameter distribution with the distribution of diameter increment. The .2test for independence was used to define dependence of the degree of crown freedom position and the degree of crown defoliation, as well as the crown class and the degree of crown defo liation in sample plots at stand age 42. The effects of different stand treatments were ana lyzed in the age period 43ā52. The current (average periodical) diameter increments (id) obtained with the control method was compared for all the trees in the sample plots and separately for the future trees in P.P.-1, and the comparison trees in P.P.-2. The statistical t-test was used to assess the impact of silvicultural treatments on the increment size.
Growth elements of all the trees and future trees in the sample plots at age 42 and 52, as well as the trees cut at ages 42 and 48, are given in Table 1. Table 2 contains numerical indicators of their diameter distribution. Cumulative curves of diameter distribution of all the trees show that at age 42 the trees in P.P.-2 have a somewhat bigger breast diameter. Due to differential silvicultural treatments and different increment tree reactions, diame ter distribution of all the trees and future trees were approximated at age 52, which was also confirmed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (Graph 1, Table 2).
Based on the test for independence applied at age 42, high dependence was found in the monoculture of the degree of crown defoliation on the crown class and the degree of crown freedom position. This indicates that the devitalization process in directly linked with stand structure, i.e. silvicultural treatments in the previous period (Table 3 and 4, Figure 1).
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test confirmed the difference in diameter distribution of selec ted trees in the sample plots in the 42ndand 48thyear (Graph 2, Table 2). The thinning indi cator (qd) shows that tree selection in the sample plots had the character of low thinning. In the age period between 43 and 52, a more intensive treatment of silvicultural-sanitary cuts (P.P.-1) showed that the current diameter increment was on average higher by 37 % in all the other trees and by 35 % in future trees, in relation to the sanitary cut (Graph 3). Cumu lative curves of diameter increment in P.P.-1, for all the trees and for future trees, are shifted rightwards towards higher increment values, in relation to P.P.-2. There are also differences in the shape of the curve, which implies a difference in the variability of diameter increment (Graph 4). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test confirmed considerable differences in the distri bution of diameter increment, both for the entire group of trees and for future trees (Table 5). Dependence of diameter increment on diameters at breast height (Graph 5 and Table 6) in all the trees shows moderate correlation ((R = 0.52-0.54), whereas correlation is less dis tinct (R = 0.28-0.32) for the collective of futures. For all the remaining trees, the impor tance of a regression coefficient of diameter increment dependence on diameters at breast height confirms that at this developmental stage the recovery from stressful impacts de pends on the intensity and character of silvicultural measures and on the treeĀ“s increment potential. For the collective of future trees in P.P.-1 (and potentially for the group of domi nant comparison trees in P.P.-2), which are the first object of tending, recovery from adverse impacts primarily depends on the nature and intensity of silvicultural measures
Growth dynamics of crown shapes in stands of pedunculate oak and common hornbeam
Background and Purpose: Structure of crowns in forest stands is one of the main factors which determines growth and development of trees. Dynamic change occurs with the age of the stand due to silvicultural interventions or natural disturbances duringwhich trees are removed fromthe stand. The aim of this article is to analyse the structure of the crown shape of pedunculate oak and common hornbean trees with regard to diameter at breast height (DBH) and the age of the stand in one of the most important forest community in Croatia.
Materials andMethods: The investigation is based on data collected on
47 permanent experimental plotswhichwere established as a chronosequence in a natural range of forests of pedunculate oak and common hornbeam in Croatia. The total surface of all plots amounts to 33.45 ha. Breast height diameter, tree height and stem height were measured on the trees in the experimental plots, and a detailed ground plan was made of horizontal crown projections, from which the crown diameters were calculated. In total 1505 pedunculate oak trees and 2026 common hornbeam trees were measured. For each tree the crown shape was calculated and trees were then grouped in age classes of 20 years, and the shape of the crown analysed according to species and age classes. Correlation between crown shapes and
diameter at breast height was investigated for stands of the sixth age class (101 ā 120 years) for each species by means of linear regression.
Results and Discussion: The shape of the crown of pedunculate oak, although it shows a trend toward growth in relation to diameter at breast height, the regularity pattern of the shape indicates weak character (r=0.441), i.e. variability is explained with only 19%. Crown shapes of common hornbeam are almost constant in relation to diameter at breast height (r=114), and correlation between the examined values cannot be equated by any rational analytical term. Investigation of growth dynamics of crown shape structure was carried out according to the species of trees and age classes, and the
interval inwhich 68%(x Ā± 1.0 s) and 95%of data (x Ā± 1.96 s)were included.
Conclusions: The results of the investigation indicate that dependence on crown shape and diameter at breast height of pendunculate oak and common hornbeam cannot be described by any rational analytical term. Average values of the crown shapes according to age classes can be used as form factors for calculation of crown volume.Data are applicable in various applications, such as for example their integration in a simulator of growth and development of forest stands and examination of the effect of different silvicultural scenario
Rast i struktura linijskog zasada talijanske johe (Alnus cordata /Loisel./ Duby) u dobi 11 i 16 godina na FruŔkoj gori (Srbija)
Growth and structure of Italian alder (Alnus cordata /Loisel/ Duby) trees were analyzed in a linear plantation established by planting two-year-old seedlings at FruÅ”ka Gora (Serbia). The aim of this paper is to point out the growth characteristics and the structure of the Italian alder linear plantation at age 11 and 16 years and contribute to the knowledge of adaptive and productive potential of the species in the available plantation in Serbia.The spacing between the trees was 7 m (200 trees per hectare). The plantation is located on anthropogenically changed pedunculate oak and hornbeam site at 125 m above sea level. On the basis of 35 measured trees at age 11 and 16 years, the top height was 15 and 21 m, and the Loreyās mean height 13.4 and 19.5 m. The dominant diameter was 32.4 cm at age 11 and 59.4 cm at age 16 years. The mean quadratic diameter was 25.1 and 47 cm.The productivity of the plantation is high. At age 11 years, the basal area was 9.9 m2āhaā1, and the standing volume 107.2 m3āhaā1 while at age 16 years, it was 34.7 m2āhaā1 and 305.1 m3āhaā1, respectively. In the period from 11 to 16 years of age, the periodic annual increment in diameter was 4.4 cmāyearā1, height 1.22 māyearā1, and in basal area and volume 4.9 m2āhaā1Ā·yearā1and 39.6 m3Ā·haā1Ā·yearā1, respectively, pointing to fast growth of Italian alder.Despite the limits due to a small sample and the fact that the linear plantation was analyzed, we generalise the Āfollowing conclusion: the measured growth characteristics at age 11 and 16 years of Italian alder trees show that the species can grow fast and could be usable in similar areas.Analizirani su rast i struktura linijskog zasada talijanske johe (Alnus cordata /Loisel/ Duby) na FruÅ”koj gori (Srbija). Cilj ovoga rada je da ukaže na elemente rasta i strukturu linijskog zasada talijanske johe u starosti 11 i 16 godina, i time doprinese upoznavanju adaptivnog i proizvodnog potencijala ove vrste u raspoloživom zasadu u Srbiji.Zasad je osnovan dvogodiÅ”njim sadnicama s meÄusobnim razmakom 7 m, odnosno sa 200 stabala po hektaru, na antropogeno izmijenjenom staniÅ”tu lužnjaka i graba, na nadmorskoj visini 125 m. Na temelju usporednog dendrometrijskog premjera 35 stabala u dobi 11 i 16 godina, dominantna visina iznosila je 15 i 21 m, a srednja visina po Loraju 13,4 i 19,5 m. Dominantni promjer iznosio je 32,4 cm u 11. godini, a 59,4 cm u 16. godini, dok je srednji promjer iznosio 25,1 cm i 47 cm. Na temelju izraÄuna da se po hektaru nalazi 200 stabala u 11. godini temeljnica je iznosila blizu 10 m2āhaā1, a volumen preko 100 m3āhaā1, a u 16. godini temeljnica je iznosila blizu 35 m2āhaā1, a volumen preko 300 m3āhaā1 (Tablica 1). Debljinska struktura stabala u zasadu je unimodalna u obje životne dobi (Tablica 2, Slika 1), a visinska struktura iskazana grupiranjem visina u stupnjeve Å”irine 3 m, ima opadajuÄi oblik u 11. godini i zvonasti unimodalni oblik u 16. godini (Tablica 3, Slika 2). Parametri modela ovisnosti visina stabala o njihovim poÄetnim prsnim promjerima i znaÄajke njegove ocjene ukazuju da se u dobi 11 godina 55% varijabilnosti visina može pripisati njihovim prsnim promjerima, dok je u dobi 16 godina ovisnost manje izražena (Tablica 3, Slika 3). Stupanj vitkosti opada sa staroÅ”Äu. U dobi 11 godina stupanj vitkosti je bio u rasponu 38ā79, prosjeÄno 54, a u dobi 16 godina u rasponu je 31ā64, prosjeÄno 43 (Tablica 4, Slika 4). U razdoblju od 11. do 16. godine teÄajni prirast promjera iznosio je 4,4 cmāgodā1, visine 1,22 māgodā1, a temeljnice i volumena po hektaru 4,9 m2āhaā1Ā·godā1 i 39,6 m3Ā·haā1Ā·godā1 (Tablica 6). Oblik raspodjele teÄajnog prirasta prsnih promjera, temeljnice i volumena stabala je sliÄan, sa slabo izraženom desnom asimetrijom i platikurtiÄnim rasporedom, a teÄajni prirast visina stabala karakterizira izražena lijeva asimetrija i neizražen platikurtiÄni raspored. U razdoblju 11.ā16. godine stupanj vitkosti se prosjeÄno smanjuje za veliÄinu 2,25 godiÅ”nje, uz raspon od 0,68ā4,10 (Tablica 7). Zavisnost teÄajnih prirasta promjera, temeljnice i volumena o njihovim poÄetnim veliÄinama u 11. godini dobro opisuje linearni model, gdje se 50ā70% varijabliteta može pripisati njihovim poÄetnim veliÄinama. TeÄajni prirast visina nije uvjetovan njihovim visinama u dobi 11 godina. MeÄutim, promjena stupnja vitkosti u razdoblju 11ā16 godina ima jasno izražen negativan linearan trend, odnosno stabla s veÄim stupnjem vitkosti u dobi 11 godina takoÄer su imala i veÄi pad (Tablica 8). Uz sva ograniÄenja za generalizaciju zakljuÄaka zbog malog uzorka stabala i linijskog zasada znaÄajke rasta u 11. i 16. godini dobi ukazuju da talijanska joha ima karakteristike brzog rasta i može predstavljati potencijalno primjenjivu vrstu u sliÄnim podruÄjima
Effects of two different thinning methods on the diameter and basal area increments of silver lime (Tilia tomentosa Moench) target trees in FruŔka Gora (Serbia)
This paper analyses the cumulative effects of selective thinning and
thinning from below on diameter and basal area increments of target trees after
25/26 years in 52, 69- and 86-year-old silver lime (Tilia tomentosa Moench)
stands. Two target tree collectives were analysed: (1) elite trees selected between
1993ā1994 from permanent sampling plots (selective thinning method), and
(2) a ācomparable collectiveā of target trees selected in 2019 (25/26 years later)
according to the same criteria as the elite trees, in the same stands thinned from
below. Elite trees that were selectively thinned had: higher diameter, basal area
and volume per tree, higher diameter and basal area increment for a given time
period, and lower slenderness coefficients compared to the target trees that were
thinned from below at 52 and 69 yr. While diameter increment decreases with age,
and differences between elite trees of different ages are clearly delineated, diameter
increments of trees thinned from below are not significantly different at 52 and
69 yr. In addition, basal area increment of trees is highest at 69 yr with selective
thinning. When thinning from below, there were no significant differences in basal
area increments between trees at 69 and 86 yr. Silver lime shows a strong growth
response after selective thinning at ages 25/26 and 44 yr. However, our results
show that this response is less pronounced when selective thinning begins at 61 yr
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