45 research outputs found
Pojava i suzbijanje toksigenih vrsta gljiva u uskladiŔtenom žitu
Monitoring of the incidence of toxigenic species and the detection of mycotoxins in stored cereals (maize, wheat and barley) are of a special importance for agriculture in Serbia. The essential reason for this is the fact that cereals, as species most susceptible to toxigenic fungi, are cultivated on over 60% of arable land, then the incidence of potentially toxigenic fungi and natural occurrence of certain mycotoxins has been registered each year, while epizooties of mycotoxicoses have been detected in some years. Under agroecological conditions of Serbia, F. graminearum and F. verticillioides are the most frequent species - the first, on grain of both, maize and small grains, and the later, more on maize, while the third species F. sporotrichioides, belonging to the most toxic species in the world, especially in maize, is scarce. Besides, other numerous, potentially toxigenic Fusarium species, including: F. subglutinans, F. proliferatum, F. oxysporum, F. tricinctum, F. poae, F. culmorum, etc. have been detected. A frequent and calamitous incidence of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) is one of many factors that favor the intensive development of potentially toxic fungal species, especially of F. verticillioides and F. subglutinans. Other toxigenic species of fungi, such as species of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, are less important than the Fusarium species. According to previous studies in Serbia, the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A (Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp) zearaleonones and trichothecenes type A (T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol) (Fusarium spp) in cereals and their products was determined in concentrations even higher than tolerance values obligatory by the running regulations for food and feed. There are little data or none on other types of mycotoxins. Possibilities of maize artificial drying in Serbia are limited, especially in the case of small producers, which make over 80% of all producers. Therefore, maize is mainly dried naturally and is stored in cribs, which provides a further development of potentially toxigenic species and more intensive biosynthesis of certain mycotoxins. Cereal growers are generally recommended to apply preventive measures in order to reduce the incidence of potentially toxigenic genotypes and their metabolites, as well as, to grow more resistant and early maturity genotypes, to apply optimum cropping practices, harvest at full maturity, separate ears with pathological changes and frequently perform control during winter and early spring. On the other hand, in the industrial animal growing, the use of preparations for adsorption of mycotoxins already synthesized in cereals such as Min-a-zel Plus, is recommended in the preventive concentrations of 0.2% or 0.4% in the case when higher concentrations of mycotoxins are detected in cereals or commercial mixed feed.Sadržaj vlage, temperatura, stepen zaraze zrna pre skladiÅ”tenja, prisustvo insekata, koliÄina polomljenog zrna, prisustvo stranih materija, naÄin suÅ”enja i dužina Äuvanja, glavni su Äinioci koji utiÄu da li Äe uskladiÅ”tena žita (kukuruz, pÅ”enica, jeÄam i ostale strnine) biti kontaminirana toksigenim gljivama i mikotoksinima. U nas su Fusarium vrste potencijalno najznaÄajnije toksigene vrste, a zatim vrste iz rodova Aspergillus i Penicillium. U žitima i njihovim preraÄevinama utvrÄena je prirodna pojava aflatoksina B1 i ohratoksina A (Aspergillus spp. i Penicillium spp) zearalenona i trihotecena tipa A (T-2 toksin i diacetoksiscirpenol) (Fusarium spp), Äak i u veÄim koncentracijama nego Å”to je to dozvoljeno prema naÅ”im važeÄim pravilnicima za ishranu ljudi i životinja. ProizvoÄaÄima žita, uglavnom, se preporuÄuju preventivne mere za redukciju pojave potencijalno toksigenih vrsta i njihovih sekundarnih metabolita, kako u poljskim uslovima, tako i tokom Äuvanja
Uticaj Min-a-zela Plus na biohemijske, mikrobioloŔke i mikotoksikoloŔke parametre silaža lucerke
Lucerne of the 5th cut in the budding phase was ensiled in the experiment as fresh and wilted (DM= 220 and 360 g/kg), with two degrees of compression (520 and 380 g/dm3) and with added Min-a-zel plus as 2 g/kg green mass. The experiment was performed as the statistical model 2K. Min-a-zel plus used as 2 g/kg green mass had no influence on biochemical, microbiological and mycotoxicological parameters of lucerne silage. Compared to the beginning material, silages had more diverse microflora and more mycotoxins. All silages had high pH values and fermentation of the acetic acid type. Some improvement was achieved with wilting of the ensiling material. The least quality (V class) was obtained with fresh lucerne, which was less compressed, while others were ranked as IV quality class. The obtained results fortify the need for further investigations in developing correct doses of Min-a-zel plus to be used in ensiling of lucerne and other materials.U eksperimentu je silirana lucerka V otkosa u fazi butonizacije kao sveža i provenula (SM = 220 i 360 g/kg), sa dva stepena sabijenosti (520 i 380 g/dm3) i sa dodatkom Min-a-zela Plus, 2 g/kg zelene mase. Ogled je postavljen po statistiÄkom modelu 2K. Min-a-zel Plus koriÅ”Äen u dozi od 2 g/kg zelene mase nije uticao na biohemijske, mikrobioloÅ”ke i mikotoksikoloÅ”ke parametre silaža lucerke. U odnosu na poÄetni materijal silaže su sadržale raznovrsniju mikrofloru i veÄu koliÄinu mikotoksina. Sve silaže su se odlikovale visokim pH vrednostima i fermentacijom sirÄetnokiselinskog tipa. Izvesno poboljÅ”anje je postignuto provenjavanjem biljnog materijala. NajloÅ”iji kvalitet (V klasa) imale su silaže od sveže lucerke sa manjim stepenom sabijenosti, dok su ostale ocenjene IV klasom kvaliteta. UtvrÄeni rezultati ukazuju na neophodnost nastavljanja ispitivanja u cilju utvrÄivanja optimalne doze Min-a-zela Plus za siliranje lucerke i drugih sirovina
In vitro biosinteza ohratoksina A kod izolata Aspergillus ochraceus E'G
This paper deals with the biosynthetic capacity for ochratoxin A (OTA) production by Aspergillus ochraceus E'G isolate derived from A. ochraceus CBS 108.08 strain, during 2007. Preliminary analysis of fungal potential for the production of OTA were performed according to the modified method of Filtenborg et al. (1983). Toxin production was tested in the following liquid media: (i) glucose-peptone-yeast extract broth (GPY - pH 5.6), (ii) potato-dextrose broth (PDB - pH 6.9), (iii) yeast extract-sucrose broth (YES - pH 6.5), and (iv) YES broth supplemented with 0.23 mg/l ZnSO4 x 5 H2O (YESZn - pH 6.5) after stationary and submerged cultivation. Dynamics of OTA biosynthesis was tested after the cultivation of A. ochraceus E'G on natural solid substrates, such as wet sterilized rice, corn and wheat grain. Cultivations were performed during different time periods (ranging from four days to few weeks) at different temperatures (ranging from 21Ā°C to 30Ā°C). The presence of OTA was determined as follows: (i) in liquid media according to the method of Balzer et al. (1978) modified by BoÄarov-StanÄiÄ et al. (2003), and (ii) in the solid substrates according to the Serbian official methods for sampling and analyzing of fodder (Official Gazette of SFRY, No. 15/87). After the cultivation of A. ochraceus E'G isolate in liquid media, the highest yield of OTA (6.4 mg/l) was obtained after submerged cultivation in PDB (4 days, 128 rpm, 21-23Ā°C). In the case of cultivation on solid substrates, the highest amount of OTA (800.0 mg/kg of dry matter) was recorded after several week long cultivation on wheat grain at 30Ā±1Ā°C.Ispitivanjem je bio obuhvaÄen izolat Aspergillus ochraceus E'G izveden iz soja A. ochraceus CBS 108.08. Preliminarne analize prisustva ohratoksina A (OTA) su izvrÅ”ene prema modifikovanoj metodi Filtenborg -a i sar. (1983) na agarizobanim podlogama. Proizvodnja toksina je testirana u sledeÄim teÄnim podlogama: 1) glukoza-pepton-ekstrakt kvasca u bujonu (GPY - pH 5,6), 2) krompir - dekstroznom bujonu (PDB - pH 6,9), 3) ekstrakt kvasca - saharoznom bujonu (YES - pH 6,5) i 4) ekstrakt kvasca-saharoznom bujonu sa dodatkom 0,23 mg/l ZnSO4 x 5 H2O (YESZn - pH 6,5) u uslovima stacionarne i submerzne kultivacije. Dinamika biosinteze ohratoksina A praÄena je nakon gajenja na prirodnim Ävrstim supstratima (zrno pirinÄa, kukuruza i pÅ”enice) tokom viÅ”enedeljne kultivacije. Ohratoksin A je izolovan iz teÄnih podloga za kultivaciju i produkciju primenom metode Balzera i sar. (1978) modifikovane prema BoÄarov-StanÄiÄ i sar. (2003), dok je kvantitacija OTA u prirodnim Ävrstim supstratima izvrÅ”ena prema Pravilniku o metodama uzimanja uzoraka i metodama fiziÄkih, hemijskih i mikrobioloÅ”kih analiza stoÄne hrane ('Sl. list SFRJ', br. 15/87). Pri gajenju izolata A. ochraceus E'G u teÄnim podlogama najveÄi prinos OTA je dobijen pri koriÅ”Äenju PDB (6,4 mg/l) i to u uslovima submerzne kultivacije (4 dana, 128 o/min, 21-23Ā°C). U sluÄaju kultivacije na zrnu žitarica najveÄu koliÄinu OTA je izolat A. ochraceus E'G biosintetisao posle viÅ”enedeljne kultivacije na zrnu pÅ”enice i 30Ā±1Ā°C (800,0 mg/kg)
Fusarium vrste - pojava i znaÄaj u Srbiji
Fusarium species have been isolated from over 100 plant species in Serbia. From the economic aspect, they have been and still are the most important for the production and storage of small grains and maize, and are exceptionally important for some other species. Total of 63 species, 35 varieties (var.) and 19 specialised forms (f. sp.) of basic species, particularly of F. oxysporum (4 var. and 12 f. sp.) and F. solani (7 var. and 3 f. sp.) were identified. Species F. langsethiae and F. thapsinum, recently identified, have been isolated from wheat and s o r g h u m seeds, respectively. F. graminearum is the most important pathogen for wheat, barely and maize, while F. poae is also important for wheat and barely. Furthermore, species of the section Liseola (F. verticillioides, F. subglutinans and F. proliferatum) are important for maize and sorghum. In recent years, species of the section Liseola have been increasingly occurring in wheat and barley. The June-October period in Serbia is the most critical period for quality maintenance of stored maize, as the abundance and frequency of fungi, particularly of toxigenic species of the genus Fusarium, are the greatest during that period. In general, there is a lack of data about fusarioses of industrial crops in Serbia. There are mere descriptions of specific cases in which the development of Fusarium species was mostly emphasised by agroecological conditions. The presence of recently determined Fusarium species in kernels of these plant species indicates their importance from the aspect of the yield reduction and grain quality debasement and the mycotoxin contamination. Root rot and plant wilt are characteristic symptoms of fusarioses for forage and vegetable crops, while pathological changes in fruits provoked by Fusarium species are less frequent. F. oxysporum and its specialised forms prevail in these plant species.Vrste roda Fusarium su u Srbiji izolovane sa preko 100 biljnih vrsta, a sa ekonomskog aspekta, bile i ostale, najznaÄajnije za proizvodnju i Äuvanje strnih žita i kukuruza. Samo izuzetno su znaÄajne i za neke druge biljne vrste. Ukupno je do sada identifikovano: 63 vrste, 35 varijeteta (var.) i 19 specijalizovanih formi (f. sp.) osnovnih vrsta, posebno vrste F. oxysporum (4 var. i 12 f. sp.) i F. solani (7 var. i 3 f. sp.). F. langsethiae i F. thapsinum su novoidentifikovane vrste izolovane sa zrna pÅ”enice, odnosno sirka. F. graminearum je najznaÄajniji patogen pÅ”enice, jeÄma i kukuruza, a F. poae i patogen pÅ”enice i jeÄma. Vrste iz sekcije Liseola (F. verticillioides, F. subglutinans i F. proliferatum) znaÄajni su i patogeni kukuruza i siraka, mada je poslednjih godina utvrÄena sve ÄeÅ”Äa pojava ovih vrsta na zrnu pÅ”enice i jeÄma. U Srbiji je period jun-oktobar najkritiÄniji za oÄuvanje kvaliteta uskladiÅ”tenog kukuruza jer su brojnost i uÄestalost gljiva u tom periodu najveÄe, posebno toksigenih vrsta roda Fusarium (43,5-62,5%). Generalno, fuzarioze industrijskih biljaka su malo prouÄavane u Srbiji. Opisi su samo pojedinaÄni sluÄajevi u kojima je razvoj Fusarium vrsta najÄeÅ”Äe potenciran povoljnim agroklimatskih uslovima. Prisustvo Fusarium vrsta na semenu industrijskih biljaka, koje je poslednjih godina sve ÄeÅ”Äe utvrÄeno, ukazuje da ove patogene gljive u Srbiji mogu biti znaÄajne sa stanoviÅ”ta smanjenja prinosa i kvaliteta zrna, posebno u pogledu kontaminiranosti mikotoksinima. Trulež korena i uvenulost biljaka su karakteristiÄni simptomi fuzarioza krmnih i povrtarskih biljaka, dok je pojava patoloÅ”kih promena na plodovima reÄa. Na ovim biljnim vrstama dominiraju F. oxysporum i njene specijalizovane forme
Uticaj mineralnog adsorbenta 'Minazel' na smanjenje rezidua zearalenona i njegovih metabolita u mleku krava
The results of the use of mineral adsorbent - Minazel, preparation based on the natural zeolite, in the prevention of mycotoxicoses and avoidance of zearalenone and its metabolites transfer into cowĀ“s milk were described in this paper. Using mineral adsorbent Minazel at the concentration of 0,5% of concentrate mixture the transfer of zearalenone from feeds to milk was prevented.U radu su prikazani rezultati koriÅ”Äenja adsorbenta mikotoksina - Minazel preparata na bazi prirodnog zeolita, u prevenciji mikotoksikoza i spreÄavanju prelaska (akumuliranja) zearalenona i njegovih metabolita u mleku krava. MikotoksikoloÅ”kim analizama mleka utvrÄeno je da je prisustvo zearalenona u mleku (0,053; 0,019 i 0,004 mg/kg) opadalo sa poveÄanjem koliÄine Minazela u koncentratu (0; 0,2; 0,5), Å”to uz ostvareno poveÄanje proizvodnje mleka opravdava njegovo koriÅ”Äenje
Pojava i uÄestalost patogena semena žita i industrijskih biljaka u Srbiji
A total of 41 species of fungi were isolated from seed samples of barley, maize, soybean, and sunflower collected at different locations in Serbia. The majority of detected species occurred on barley (35 of 41 species or 87.8%) comparing to soybean (17 of 41 species or 41.5%), sunflower (16 of 41 species or 39.0%) and maize (15 of 41 species or 36.9%). Species belonging to genera Alternaria, Chaetomium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Penicillium and Rhizopus were present on seeds of all four plant species. Alternaria species were dominant on soybean, barley and sunflower seeds (85.7%, 84.7% and 76.9%). F. verticillioides and Penicillium spp. were mainly isolated from maize seeds (100 and 92.3% respectively), while other species were isolated up to 38.5% (Chaetomium spp. and Rhizopus spp.). F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, F. poae and F. sporotrichioides were the most common Fusarium species isolated from barley (51.1-93.3%), while on the soybean seeds F. oxysporum (71.4%), F. semitectum (57.1%) and F. sporotrichioides (57.1%) were prevalent. Frequency of Fusarium species on sunflower seeds varied from 7% (F. equiseti, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans) to 15.4% (F. verticillioides). Statistically significant negative correlation (r = -0.678*) was determined for the incidence of F. graminearum and Alternaria spp., as well as, Fusarium spp. and Alternaria spp. (r = -0.614*), on barley seeds. The obtained results revealed that seedborne pathogens were present in most seed samples of important cereals and industrial crops grown under different agroecological conditions in Serbia. Some of the identified fungi are potential producers of mycotoxins, thus their presence is important in terms of reduced food safety for humans and animals. Therefore, an early and accurate diagnosis and pathogen surveillance will provide time for the development and the application of disease strategies.Ukupno je izolovana 41 vrsta gljiva iz uzoraka zrna jeÄma, kukuruza, soje i suncokreta, koji su prikupljeni u razliÄitim lokalitetima u Srbiji. NajveÄi broj gljiva je utvrÄen na zrnu jeÄma (35 vrsta ili 87,8%) u odnosu na zrno soje (17 vrsta ili 41,5%), suncokreta (16 vrsta ili 39,0%) i kukuruza (15 vrsta ili 36,9%). Vrste rodova Alternaria, Chaetomium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Penicillium i Rhizopus su utvrÄene na zrnu sve Äetiri biljne vrste. Vrste roda Alternaria su dominirale na zrnu jeÄma (99,5%), suncokreta (52,9%) i soje (50,0%). F. verticillioides (do 92,0%) i Penicillium spp. (do 57,0%) su najÄeÅ”Äe izolovane vrste sa zrna kukuruza, dok su ostale vrste izolovane do 38,5% (Chaetomium spp. and Rhizopus spp.). F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, F. poae i F. sporotrichioides su najÄeÅ”Äe Fusarium vrste izolovane sa zrna jeÄma (51,1-93,3%), dok su na zrnu soje dominirale F. oxysporum (71,4%), F. semitectum (57,1%) i F. sporotrichioides (57,1%). UÄestalost Fusarium vrsta na zrnu suncokreta je varirala od 7% (F. equiseti, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans) do 15,4% (F. verticillioides). Na zrnu jeÄma utvÄena je statistiÄki znaÄajna negativna korelacija izmeÄu intenziteta napada F. graminearum i Alternaria spp. (r = -0,678*), kao i izmeÄu Fusarium spp. i Alternaria spp. (r = -0,614*). Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da su patogene gljive uÄestale i u visokom intenzitetu pojave prisutne na zrnu važnih žita i industrijskog bilja gajenih u razliÄitim agroekoloÅ”kim uslovima u Srbiji. Neke od identifikovanih gljiva su potencijalni proizvoÄaÄi mikotoksina i njihovo prisustvo je važno zbog smanjene bezbednosti hrane za ljude i životinje. Stoga, rana i pouzdana identifikacija patogenih gljiva i procena njihovog znaÄaja u proizvodnji kukuruza, strnih žita i industrijskih biljaka, omoguÄuje da se pravovremeno razvije i primeni strategija za njihovo suzbijanje i ublažavanje Å”teta
QUALITY OF WHOLE-PLANT CORN SILAGE ON FAMILY FARMS
Whole-plant corn silage is a starting point for economical and modern animal husbandry. It is a quality green feed replacement and the most important cattle feed. The quality of whole-plant corn silage is of great importance in milk production. Continuous monitoring of silage quality is an important part of feeding programmes. The aim of this study was to use chemical and microbiological analyses to determine the quality of whole-plant corn silage produced on family farms. The analysed samples contained, on average, 66.37% moisture (58.79-72.01%), 33.63% dry matter (27.99-41.21%), 2.07% crude protein (1.07-3.06%), 1.26% crude fat (0.72 -1.84%) and 8.09% crude cellulose (5.72-9.98%). The average pH value, taken as an indicator of the quality of fermentation, was 3.90 (3.50-4.16). Total volatile fatty acid comprised 1.87% (0.67-2.47%) lactic acid, 0.68% acetic acid (12.20-1.52%) and 0.02% (0-0.27%) butyric acid. The average proportions of lactic, acetic and butyric acids in the silage were 72.80% (33.3-88.81%), 26.45% (9.35-66.67%) and 0.75% (0-10.16%). The authors determined silage quality using the Flieg score. The samples from 12 farms were graded as very good, while the silage from the other farms was evaluated as good (4 farms) and satisfactory (2 farms). The analysis of microbiological quality showed that the samples on average contained 405,556 (10,000-3,000,000) of silage bacteria and 7,000 (0-80,000) of mould. Sulphate-reducing Clostridia and Salmonella were not identified. The samples matched quality requirements prescribed by the rulebook
Uticaj mineralnog adsorbenta 'Minazelā na smanjenje rezidua zearalenona i njegovih metabolita u mleku krava
The results of the use of mineral adsorbent - Minazel, a preparation based on natural zeolite, in the prevention of mycotoxicoses and avoidance of zearalenone and its metabolites transfer into cow's milk were described in this paper. Using mineral adsorbent Minazel in a concentration of 0.5% of concentrate mixture the transfer of zearalenone from feeds to milk was prevented.U radu su prikazani rezultati koriÅ”Äenja adsorbenta mikotoksina - Minazel, preparata na bazi prirodnog zeolita, u prevenciji mikotoksikoza i spreÄavanju prelaska (akumuliranja) zearalenona i njegovih metabolita u mleko krava. MikotoksikoloÅ”kim analizama mleka utvrÄeno je da je prisustvo zearalenona u mleku (0,053; 0,019 i 0,004 mg/kg) opadalo sa poveÄanjem koliÄine Minazela u koncentratu (0; 0,2; 0,5), Å”to uz ostvareno poveÄanje proizvodnje mleka opravdava njegovo koriÅ”Äenje
Histohemijsko ispitivanje kardiotoksiÄnih efekta kod pacova tretiranih T-2 toksinom - semikvantitativna analiza
In this study female Wistar rats were treated with T-2 toxin (1 LD50 0.23 mg/kg sc) and sacrificed on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 60 after the treatment. Control groups of rats were treated by saline (1 ml/kg 0.9% NaCl). At each time-schedule, control groups of animals were sacrificed, too. Pathohistological alterations of the heart were evaluated in whole visual fields stained by haematoxylin and eosin (HE), periodic acid- -Schiff's (PAS), Masson-Trichrom's (MT) and Giemsa (GIM) methods. The changes observed were scored by using semiquantitative grading scale. The heart alterations detected in T-2 toxin-treated animals ranged from focal parenchymal or hyaline degeneration (HE = 2.5 - 4.0; p lt 0.05 vs. control) to diffuse necrosis of muscle cells (HE = 5.0; p lt 0.05 vs. control and 1st day after T-2 treatment). The myofibrils were slightly PAS-positive during the first week of the study (PAS = 2.0 - 3.2; p lt 0.05 vs. control and 1st day after T-2 treatment), while a diffuse distribution of glycogen granules in endo- and perimisium were observed from day 21 to 60 in the whole heart' tissue (PAS = 4.0; p lt 0.05 vs. control and 1st day after T-2 treatment). Massive hemorrhagic foci associated with diffuse accumulation and degranulation of MCs were the most intensive from day 28 to 60 of the study (MT = 5.0; p lt 0.05 vs. control and 1st day after T-2 treatment). During the whole study period, irregular distribution of glycogen granules, intensity and total number of haemorrhages were in correlation with the degree of heart structural lesions, which showed the highest coefficient of correlation (r = 0.8750; p lt 0.001). Our results indicate that basic histohemical methods can be a useful tool for evaluation of T-2 toxin-induced cardiac damage, which is probably a result of complex inflammatory mechanisms, eventually leading to vascular lesions and myocardial necrosis, as well as for some potential cardioprotectors in the future.U ovom radu su ispitani toksiÄni efekti na srcu Wistar pacova akutno trovanih T-2 toksinom. Životinje, jednokratno tretirane T-2 toksinom u dozi od 0,23 mg/kg sc (1 LD50), žrtvovane su 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28. i 60. dana posle aplikacije otrova. Kontrolne grupe životinja tretirane su fizioloÅ”kim rastvorom (1 ml/kg 0,9% NaCl) i žrtvovane u istim vremenskim intervalima. Procena patohistoloÅ”kih promena izvrÅ”ena je na uzorcima tkiva srca, bojenih standardnim histohemijskih metodama: hematoksilin i eozin (HE), Gimza (GIM), perjodna kiselina Schiff-ov reagens (PAS) i Masson trichrom (MT), primenom semikvantitativne analize. U srcu pacova tretiranih T-2 toksinom uoÄene su promene od fokalne parenhimatozne i hijaline degeneracije miofibrila (HE = 2,5-4,0; r lt 0,05 u poreÄenju sa kontrolom) do fokalne ili difuzne nekroze miÅ”iÄnih Äelija (HE = 5,0; r lt 0,05 u poreÄenju sa kontrolom i 1. danom posle aplikacije T-2 toksina). Tokom prve nedelje ispitivanja miofibrile su bile blago PAS-pozitivne (PAS = 2,0-3,2; r lt 0,05 u poreÄenju sa kontrolom i 1. danom posle aplikacije T-2 toksina), dok je difuzna distribucija granula glikogena u endo- i perimizijumu zapažena od 21. do 60. dana (PAS = 4,0; p lt 0,05 u poreÄenju sa kontrolom i 1. danom posle aplikacije T-2 toksina). Masivna hemoragiÄna polja, okružena mnogobrojnim inflamatornim Äelijama, naroÄito su izražena u periodu od 28. do 60. dana ispitivanja (MT = 5,0; p lt 0,05 u poreÄenju sa kontrolom i 1. danom posle aplikacije T-2 toksina). Tokom celog perioda ispitivanja, nepravilna distribucija granula glikogena, intenzitet krvarenja i ukupan broj mastocita su bili u korelaciji sa stepenom oÅ”teÄenja tkiva srca (r = 0,8750; p lt 0,001). Dobijeni rezultati su potvrdili ranije iznetu tezu da su kardiotoksiÄni efekti T-2 toksina verovatno rezultat kompleksnih inflamatornih mehanizama
Promene morfometrijskih parametara mastocita u srcu pacova akutno trovanih T-2 toksinom
Wistar rats were treated with T-2 toxin (1 LD50; 0.23 mg/kg sc) and the surviving animals were sacrificed on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28 after treatment. At each time, control animals were sacrificed, too. Cardiac mast cells, previously stained by Giemsa method, were analyzed in whole visual fields, magnification x40. In the present study the following quantitative morphometric parameters of cardiac mast cells were evaluated: perimeter (P), area (A) and roundness (R). In the control groups of rats the majority of mast cells were small (P = 6.86 - 7.99 mm), hypogranular (A = 11.60 -14.30 mm2) and ovoid (R = 0.60 - 0.65 mm). Mast cells, with discrete granules, hypergranular, had significantly different quantitative parameters (P = 12.80 -14.90 mm; A = 16.70 -20.00 mm2; R = 0.35 -0.38 mm). The minority of mast cells, classified as degranulated, had a large (P=20.70-23.30 mm), irregular shape (A = 24.40 -30.90 mm2) and showed degranulation (R = 0.15 - 0.21 mm). In the heart of T-2 toxin-treated rats the quantitative parametar values of hypogranular mast cells and hypergranular mast cells were similar to the control group during the whole study. However, degranulated mast cells showed a significant increase in perimeter and area values (p lt 0.05), while their roundness was decreased (p lt 0.05) in comparison to the control groups of animals. It could be concluded that the chosen quantitative morphometric parameters of cardiac degranular mast cells are useful for the evaluation of the functional status of the rats' heart during acute T-2 poisoning.Preživeli Wistar pacovi, tretirani T-2 toksinom (1 LD50; 0,23 mg/kg sc), žrtvovani su 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21. i 28. dana posle tretmana. U istim vremenskim intervalima žrtvovane su životinje iz kontrolnih grupa. Mastociti srca, prethodno obojeni primenom Giemsa metode bojenja, analizirani su u celom vidnom polju, pod uveliÄanjem 40. U ovom radu ispitivani su sledeÄi kvantitativni morfometrijski parametri: perimetar (P), povrÅ”ina (A) i kružnost (R). U srcu kontrolne grupe pacova mastocititi su veÄinom sitni (P = 6,86-7,99 mm), hipogranularni (A = 11,60 -14,30 mm2) i ovalnog oblika (R = 0,60-0,65 mm). Mastociti blago ispunjeni granulama, hipergranularni mastociti, imali su statistiÄki znaÄajno razliÄite vrednosti kvantitativnih parametera (P = 12,80 -14,90 mm; A = 16,70 -20,00 mm2; R = 0,35-0,38 mm). Mali broj mastocita oznaÄeni kao deganulirani mastociti su veliki (P = 20,70-23,30 mm), nepravilnih oblika (A = 24,40 -30,90 mm2) sa granulama ispražnjenim u okolno tkivo (R = 0,15 -0,21 mm). U srcu pacova tretiranih T-2 toksinom kvantitativni parametari hipogranuliranih i hipergarnuliranih mastocita imali su vrednosti sliÄne kontrolnim grupama životinja tokom celog perioda ispitivanja. MeÄutim, degranulirani mastociti pokazali su statistiÄki znaÄajno poveÄanje vrednosti preÄnika i povrÅ”ine (p lt 0,05), dok je njihova kružnost bila manja (p lt 0,05) u poreÄenju sa kontrolnim grupama pacova. Moglo bi se zakljuÄiti da su ispitivani kvantitativni morfometrijski parametri degranuliranih mastocita korisni za ispitivanje funkcionalnog statusa srca pacova akutno trovanih T-2 toksinom