Isolation of the Phytochrome Chromophore. The Cleavage Reaction with Hydrogen Bromide

The cleavage of the bilin chromophore from C-phycocyanin with hydrogen bromide yields 3E-configurated phycocyanobilin (4) as the major and 3 Z-configurated phycocyanobilin (5) as the minor reaction product. The reaction of synthetic 3E-configurated phytochromobilin (2) with hydrogen bromide and methanol leads only to a methanol adduct at the C-18 side chain (7) whereas the same reaction with the 3Z-configurated phytochromobilin (3) leads to 7 and 2. The bilin chromophore was cleaved also from phytochrome after preparation of phytochromobilin peptides. The detection of 2 and 7 suggested that 3Z-and 3E-configurated phytochromobilin were the primary products of cleavage from phytochrome. A reaction scheme is given which can explain the results of the reaction with hydrogen bromide and methanol

Disaster Situation and Humanitarian Emergency – In-Between Responses to the Refugee Crisis in Germany

In 2015, the needs of hundreds of thousands of refugees who arrived in Germany could only be met by deploying all available civil protection units. This article presents procedures and practices of state and non-state formal actors in the field of civil protection and related crisis management structures implemented and established across the board in the municipalities, the Federal Government and mass shelters, in particular in Bavaria. From a disaster research and humanitarian studies perspective we use the concept of “patterns of interpretation” to analyse the application of the “humanitarian emergency” and the “disaster situation” procedures to discuss whether the situation can really be categorized as “either-or” or whether the coexistence of the two served a function in managing such a complex situation. Finally, we discuss some developments that occurred after 2015/16 and consider the extent to which these developments shift or expand the existing patterns of interpretation

Distinct genetic control of parasite elimination, dissemination, and disease after Leishmania major infection

Elimination of pathogens is the basis of host resistance to infections; however, relationship between persisting pathogens and disease has not been clarified. Leishmania major infection in mice is an important model of host–pathogen relationship. Infected BALB/c mice exhibit high parasite numbers in lymph nodes and spleens, and a chronic disease with skin lesions, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly, increased serum IgE levels and cytokine imbalance. Although numerous gene loci affecting these disease symptoms have been reported, genes controlling parasites’ elimination or dissemination have never been mapped. We therefore compared genetics of the clinical and immunologic symptomatology with parasite load in (BALB/c × CcS-11) F2 hybrids and mapped five loci, two of which control parasite elimination or dissemination. Lmr5 influences parasite loads in spleens (and skin lesions, splenomegaly, and serum IgE, IL-4, and IFNγ levels), and Lmr20 determines parasite numbers in draining lymph nodes (and serum levels of IgE and IFNγ), but no skin or visceral pathology. Three additional loci do not affect parasite numbers but influence significantly the disease phenotype—Lmr21: skin lesions and IFNγ levels, Lmr22: IL-4 levels, Lmr23: IFNγ levels, indicating that development of L. major-caused disease includes critical regulations additional to control of parasite spread

Freud and His Patients. Edited by Mark Kanzer and Jules Glenn.

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67559/2/10.1177_000306518403200113.pd

Does migration policy matter?: A comparison of the economic performance of migrants in the Swedish and Swiss labour markets

SIGLEAvailable from Bibliothek des Instituts fuer Weltwirtschaft, ZBW, Duesternbrook Weg 120, D-24105 Kiel W 593 (71) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman