Wie houdt de wacht?:Veranderingen in toezicht tijdens de jongvolwassenheid

Criminal Justice: Legitimacy, accountability, and effectivit

Drugscriminaliteit in de lage landen:De omvang(schatting) van de drugseconomie en de verwevenheid met de wettige wereld in Nederland en België

Nederland en België zijn als drugsproductielanden en centrale logistieke knooppunten aanvoerders van de ‘verkeerde lijstjes’ op het gebied van de internationale handel in verdovende middelen. In de media en politiek in Nederland – en in mindere mate in België –steekt om deze reden de typering ‘narcostaat’ om de zoveel tijd de kop op. Een andere veelgehoorde term als het gaat om drugscriminaliteit is ‘ondermijning’. In deze inleidende bijdrage van het themanummer over drugscriminaliteit diepen we twee onderwerpen nader uit die terugkomen in de typeringen ‘narcostaat’ en ‘ondermijning’: de omvang(schatting) van de drugseconomie en de verwevenheid van de drugsindustrie met de wettige wereld in de Lage Landen.</i

Life course criminology

Criminal Justice: Legitimacy, accountability, and effectivit

Het meten van effecten van gevangenisstraf op crimineel gedrag in een niet-experimentele studie

Summary Estimating the effect of imprisonment on criminal behavior in a non-experimental study Using data from the Criminal Career and Life-course Study (CCLS) we examined the effect of firsttime imprisonment between ages 26-28. Simply comparing recidivism rates of ex-prisoners with offenders who have not been incarcerated would lead to biased estimates since imprisonment is likely to be meted out disproportionately to those offenders most likely to recidivate. Our results show firsttime imprisonment to have a criminogenic effect. The rise in conviction rates for ex-prisoners is largest when compared to offenders who had similar offending trajectories up to age 25, but were not convicted in the 26-28 period. Comparisons with offenders who were convicted but not imprisoned show a smaller, but still highly significant increase.

Volwassen worden en criminaliteit: Verschillen tussen etnische groepen

The relationship between age and criminal behaviour is one of the most robust findings in criminology. According to Moffitt’s developmental taxonomy the bell-shape of the age-crime curve is due to a large number of adolescent-limited offenders. These adolescents engage in delinquent behaviour during ado- lescence in response to the maturity gap, whereby they feel adult but do not have access to legitimate adult social roles. Despite the universal peak in delinquent behaviour during adolescence, the rate of decrease in delinquent behaviour seen during adulthood differs for different ethnic groups within the Netherlands. The aggregate age-crime curve for Dutch-Moroccans drops off more sharply during early adulthood than for native Dutch, whereas the curve for the Caribbean Dutch remains higher throug- hout the early adult years (Jennissen, 2009). The present study examines whether a differential effect of spending time in adult roles and feeling adult can explain these discrepancies. We use data from the TransAM study, a longitudinal project with a sample aged 18-24 years and an overrepresentation of Dutch-Moroccans, Caribbean Dutch and individuals with police contacts during adolescence. Results of the fixed-effects models examining the effect of within-person changes in time spent in adult roles on delinquency and feelings of adultness indicate that both spending time in adult roles and feeling more adult have a strong desistance effect for Dutch-Moroccans, but show no desistance effect for Caribbean Dutch. Results for native Dutch indicate that spending time in adult roles has a desistance effect, but when spending time in these roles occurs in combination with feeling more adult delinquent behaviour actually increases