The Last 100 Kilometers: A Values Based Analysis of What the Camino De Santiago Can Teach About How the Built Environment Can Preserve the Human Experience

The Camino de Santiago is a medieval pilgrimage route that dates back to the 11th century. Today, pilgrims from all over the world undertake the journey to Santiago de Compostela to share in the experience. To earn a compostela the minimum distance that a pilgrim must walk, established by the Church, is 100-kilometers. It is also the boundary of Galicia. The result is that the long-distance pilgrim is forced to contend with the short-distance pilgrim, the pilgrim that walks the minimum. The mixing of these two populations produces friction, caused by each group’s different valuations of the Camino as a experience. As a nightly, physical point of convergence of pilgrims, the albergues, or hostels, are an opportunity to preserve the Camino experience.This study undertakes a close examination of nine albergues located along the entire route and how those albergues support or undermine the unique qualities of the Camino. The analysis is based on drawings, photographs, and personal observations recorded during a July 2014 pilgrimage. This investigation determined that certain albergues were more successful in preserving the experience than others. The successes were albergues that are small in size and, above all, simple. In offering too many amenities, the albergue resembles a tourist’s hostel and thus undermines what is unique to the Camino. If the recommendations determined here were incorporated into Galicia’s attitude toward its network of albergues the last 100-kilometers of the Camino Santiago be reinforced and preserved for future pilgrims to experience

Affective Response And Pain Measurement Correlations In A 500 Mile Pilgrimage: El Camino De Santiago

Previous studies have demonstrated a link between affective characteristics and pain measurements in relation to exercise, but the extent to which these links might apply to long term exercise has not been investigated. PURPOSE: To determine the link between psychological response and pain perception over the course of an extended period of high volume-low intensity exercise. METHODS: A PANAS-X survey and a pain measurement questionnaire for 15 pilgrims (10 female, 5 male; 21.06 yrs) were assessed at 7 different points. One PANAS trait survey was completed prior to departure (pre), 3 PANAS state surveys were completed at 3 different times (AM, midday, PM) within the first three days of walking and another 3 PANAS trait surveys were completed at 3 predetermined rest points (rest1, rest2, post). RESULTS: Specific negative affects (state and trait) were correlated with the perception of current pain for all time points except rest day 1 and post (r= 0.725 pre, 0.596 AM, 0.673 midday, 0.597 PM, 0.550 rest2; P \u3c 0.05). Negative affect (state) was also correlated with perception of worst pain at all time points (r= 0.653 AM, 0.572 midday, 0.515 PM; P \u3c 0.05). Sadness (state) was most highly correlated with best pain in the evening (pm) (r= 0.882; P \u3c 0.05). Sadness (trait) was most highly correlated with current pain level (pre)(r= 0.754; P \u3c 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pain perception was identified as a strong predictor of negative affects throughout the pilgrimage. Most notably, sadness was the strongest correlate with pain measurements throughout the extent of the study except at the end of the pilgrimage. Therefore, it appears that both psychological state and trait characteristics can predict pain perception during a period of high volume- low intensity exercise. Future studies should be conducted in order to determine how to alter affective response so that pain perception and injury rates can be reduced and improved

Project Appraisal and Foreign Exchange Constraints: A Simple Exposition

In an earlier paper, we showed that the value of shadow prices depends on how the government contemplates re- equilibrating the economy to the perturbation associated with any project, except in the extreme case where the government has chosen all policy instruments optimally. Only under restrictive conditions will relative shadow prices for traded goods equal relative international prices. We develop here a general methodology for calculating shadow prices, which expresses the prices as a weighted average of domestic and international prices. The formulae provide the conditions under which the border price rule is valid. For instance, so long as there are non-traded goods, even if the government leaves tariffs unchanged (so that relative domestic prices of traded goods remain unchanged), unless the government completely neutralizes the induced change in domestic income, there will be changes in the prices of non-traded goods. These will preclude the use of the border price rule.

A general equilibrium analysis of the effects of carbon emission restrictions on economic growth in a developing country

A general equilibrium approach, in the form of a multisector, intertemporal programming model, is used to analyze the effects on the growth of the Egyptian economy of carbon emissions constraints that differ across sectors and over time. The model embodies significant substitution possibilities among factors, including fuels. It is found that any substantial reduction in the rate of emissions has correspondingly important impacts on economic growth. The abatement of carbon emissions would, therefore, create major economic problems. Economy-wide constraints are, however, less restrictive than the same level of constraints imposed on particular sectors.Supported by Meta Systems of Cambridge, Mass. and the U.S. Agency for International Development

How restricting carbon dioxide and methane emissions would affect the Indian economy

India and China contain about 40 percent of the earth's people. They are at an early stage of economic development, and their increasingly massive energy requirements will depend heavily on coal, a potent source of carbon dioxide, a powerful and long-lasting greenhouse gas. India also has important sources and uses of hydroelectric and nuclear power, petroleum, and natural gas. Agriculture still produces about 30 percent of its gross domestic product, and about 72 percent of the population lives in rural areas - with their large animal populations and substantial forest acreage. India has vast cities and an industrial sector that is large in absolute terms, although it represents only 30 percent of the economy. The model developed to analyze the economic effects of constraints on greenhouse gas emissions is a multisectoral, intertemporal linear programming model, driven by the optimization of the welfare of a representative consumer. A comprehensive model was built not to project the future at a single stroke but to begin to answer questions of a"What if?"form. The results strongly suggest that the economic effects on India of such constraints would be profound. The implications of different forms of emissions restrictions - annual, cumulative, and radiative forcing - deserve more attention. Cumulative restrictions - or better still, restrictions on radiative forcing - are closely related to public policy on greenhouse effects. Such restrictions also provide significant additional degrees of freedom for the economic adjustments required. They do this, in part, by allowing the postponement of emissions restrictions, which is not permitted by annual constraints. Of course, the question arises whether a country, having benefited from postponing a required reduction in emissions, would then be willing to face the consequences in economic losses. Might there be a genuine preference - albeit an irrational one - for taking the losses annually? Would compliance with international agreements for emissions restrictions be more likely if they required annual, rather than cumulative, reductions? Monitoring requirements would be the same in either case; if effective monitoring were carried out, it would detect departures from cumulative or radiative forcing constraints just as easily as departures from annualconstraints.Environmental Economics&Policies,Carbon Policy and Trading,Montreal Protocol,Transport and Environment,Energy and Environment

Growth and welfare losses from carbon emissions restrictions : a general equilibrium analysis for Egypt

The authors assess the economic effects in Egypt, under various conditions, of restricting carbon dioxide emissions. They use their model to assess the sensitivity of these effects to alternative specifications: changes in the level or timing of restrictions, changes in the rate of discount of future welfare, and the presence or absence of alternative technologies for generating power. They also analyze a constraint on accumulated emissions of carbon dioxide. Their time model has a time horizon of 100 years, with detailed accounting for every five years, so they can be specific about differences between short- and long-run effects and their implications. However, the results reported here cover only a 60-year period - and are intended only to compare the results of generic,"what if?"questions, not as forecasts. In that 60-year period, the model economy substantially depletes its hydrocarbon reserves, which are the only non produced resource. The authors find that welfare losses due to the imposition of annual restrictions on the rate of carbon dioxide emissions are substantial - ranging from 4.5 percent for a 20 percent reduction in annual carbon dioxide emissions to 22 percent for a 40 percent reduction. The effects of the annual emissions restrictions are relatively nonlinear. The timing of the restrictions is significant. Postponing them provides a longer period for adjustment and makes it possible to continue delivering consumption goodsin a relatively unconstrained manner. The form of emissions restrictions is also important. Welfare losses are much higher when constraints are imposed on annual emissions rates rather than on total additions to the accumulation of greenhouse gases. Conventional backstop technologies for maintaining output and consumption - cogeneration, nuclear power, and gas-powered transport - are more significant than unconventional"renewable"technologies, which cannot compete for cost.Environmental Economics&Policies,Energy and Environment,Carbon Policy and Trading,Montreal Protocol,Climate Change