Employment generation in Brazilian coffee regions

Due to the specific characteristics of coffee production on each of the main Brazilian states producers of arabica (Coffea arabica) and robusta coffee (Coffea canephora), a better understanding of the structural links between production and industrialization of coffee on those states and the national economy can provide subsides for implementation of public policies, essential to plan the coffee production and increase the sector competitiveness. Therefore, this study analyzed the employment generation in production and coffee industrialization in the major Brazilian production regions, based on an inter-regional input-output model, with seven regions, which represent the main coffee-producing states - Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, São Paulo, Paraná, Bahia and Other States - with 44 sectors each, in a system of 308 sectors. The results indicated that the production of robusta coffee is the sector that generates more employments (total) per currency unit, and that arabica production sector is the fourth largest generator of employments, among the 44 sectors considered for the country. The results for each state emphasized the importance of farming and coffee industry for national and state economies.Coffee; Coffee Production; Input-Output

A Role for the SmpB-SsrA System in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Pathogenesis

Yersinia utilizes a sophisticated type III secretion system to enhance its chances of survival and to overcome the host immune system. SmpB (small protein B) and SsrA (small stable RNA A) are components of a unique bacterial translational control system that help maintain the bacterial translational machinery in a fully operational state. We have found that loss of the SmpB-SsrA function causes acute defects in the ability of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis to survive in hostile environments. Most significantly, we show that mutations in smpB-ssrA genes render the bacterium avirulent and unable to cause mortality in mice. Consistent with these observations, we show that the mutant strain is unable to proliferate in macrophages and exhibits delayed Yop-mediated host cell cytotoxicity. Correspondingly, we demonstrate that the smpB-ssrA mutant suffers severe deficiencies in expression and secretion of Yersinia virulence effector proteins, and that this defect is at the level of transcription. Of further interest is the finding that the SmpB-SsrA system might play a similar role in the related type III secretion system that governs flagella assembly and bacterial motility. These findings highlight the significance of the SmpB-SsrA system in bacterial pathogenesis, survival under adverse environmental conditions, and motility

Management indicators of productive arrangements in Brazilian Coffe segment : a multiple correspondence analysis

Orientador: Gustavo de Oliveira AggioDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de EconomiaResumo: Em função da crescente diversificação das estratégias competitivas no segmento cafeeiro, decorrentes da instabilidade dos preços do café, bem como da expansão do mercado de cafés especiais e da importância socioeconômica do café para os produtores, este estudo analisa se a adoção de uma das estratégias genéricas de Porter por um empresário rural está relacionada com um sistema de gestão eficiente e se esses resultados são perceptíveis nas principais mesorregiões cafeeiras brasileiras. Foram avaliadas 1122 empresas cafeeiras, entre 2014 e 2017, em 233 municípios, em 80 microrregiões e 35 mesorregiões geográficas brasileiras. O nível de gestão daquelas empresas foi obtido mediante o Método de Identificação do Grau de Gestão - MIGG Café. A técnica de Análise de Correspondência Múltipla - ACM foi utilizada para reduzir as dimensões necessárias para analisar as combinações das variáveis qualitativas. Observou-se que as regiões que passaram ou passam por um processo de especialização na produção de café, com nível tecnológico mais elevado e diferenciação em termos de qualidade de grãos e de bebida, possuem melhor gestão, ou seja, as mesorregiões que adotaram uma estratégia genérica de diferenciação (pela definição de Porter) apresentam gestão mais eficiente e resultam em produtos de melhor qualidadeAbstract: Due to the increasing diversification of competitive strategies in the coffee segment, resulting from instability in coffee prices and the expansion of the specialty coffee market and socio-economic importance of coffee to the producers, this study examines whether the adoption of one of the generic strategies of Porter by a rural entrepreneur is related to an efficient management system and if these results are perceptible in the main Brazilian coffee mesoregions. A total of 1122 coffee companies were evaluated between 2014 and 2017 in 233 municipalities, in 80 micro-regions and 35 geographic Brazilian mesoregions. The level of management of coffee companies was obtained through the Management Degree Identification Method (MDIM Coffee). The Multiple Correspondence Analysis (ACM) technique was used in order to reduce the dimensions necessary to analyze the possible combinations of the qualitative variables. It was observed that the regions that have passed through a process of specialization in the coffee production, with a higher technological level and differentiation as to grain quality and coffee beverage, have better management, that is, the mesoregions that adopted a generic differentiation strategy based on Porter present more efficient management and result in better quality productsMestradoEconomia Agrícola e do Meio AmbienteMestre em Desenvolvimento EconômicoCAPE

Yersinia Controls Type III Effector Delivery into Host Cells by Modulating Rho Activity

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis binds to β1 integrin receptors, and uses the type III secretion proteins YopB and YopD to introduce pores and to translocate Yop effectors directly into host cells. Y. pseudotuberculosis lacking effectors that inhibit Rho GTPases, YopE and YopT, have high pore forming activity. Here, we present evidence that Y. pseudotuberculosis selectively modulates Rho activity to induce cellular changes that control pore formation and effector translocation. Inhibition of actin polymerization decreased pore formation and YopE translocation in HeLa cells infected with Y. pseudotuberculosis. Inactivation of Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 by treatment with Clostridium difficile toxin B inhibited pore formation and YopE translocation in infected HeLa cells. Expression of a dominant negative form of Rac did not reduce the uptake of membrane impermeable dyes in HeLa cells infected with a pore forming strain YopEHJT−. Similarly, the Rac inhibitor NSC23766 did not decrease pore formation or translocation, although it efficiently hindered Rac-dependent bacterial uptake. In contrast, C. botulinum C3 potently reduced pore formation and translocation, implicating Rho A, B, and/or C in the control of the Yop delivery. An invasin mutant (Y. pseudotuberculosis invD911E) that binds to β1 integrins, but inefficiently transduces signals through the receptors, was defective for YopE translocation. Interfering with the β1 integrin signaling pathway, by inhibiting Src kinase activity, negatively affected YopE translocation. Additionally, Y. pseudotuberculosis infection activated Rho by a mechanism that was dependent on YopB and on high affinity bacteria interaction with β1 integrin receptors. We propose that Rho activation, mediated by signals triggered by the YopB/YopD translocon and from engagement of β1 integrin receptors, stimulates actin polymerization and activates the translocation process, and that once the Yops are translocated, the action of YopE or YopT terminate delivery of Yops and prevents pore formation

UMA PERSPECTIVA DA GESTÃO DA SEGURANÇA E DA SAÚDE OCUPACIONAL NA PRODUÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE CAFÉ

A agricultura é um dos setores mais perigosos aos trabalhadores, expostos a riscos físicos, químicos, biológicos, ergonômicos e sujeitos a acidentes. Devido à importância dos impactos sociais e econômicos dos problemas decorrentes da baixa adoção de medidas de Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho (SST) na produção agrícola e considerando-se que o segmento cafeeiro emprega quantidade significativa de mão de obra, este estudo identifica os pontos fracos da produção de café em relação às normas brasileiras de SST. Foram analisados 24 indicadores de gestão do agronegócio café relacionados à SST, por meio de 1030 questionários aplicados nas regiões produtoras brasileiras. Os principais pontos fracos são: baixa oferta de seguro de saúde aos colaboradores; baixo índice de planejamento quanto às atividades das empresas, incluindo análise de risco e melhorias no ambiente e condições de trabalho; baixa adoção de Código de Conduta e estímulo à sua aplicação na cadeia produtiva; e baixo índice de registros e protocolos de procedimentos das tecnologias, métodos e processos. São Paulo é o estado com os melhores níveis de adoção dos indicadores de SST; a Bahia apresenta os piores. Empresas com certificação agrícola apresentaram melhores resultados do que as demais. Ainda há muito a que ser melhorado na gestão do negócio do café, com relação à SST, independentemente da região, do tamanho da propriedade ou do número de trabalhadores

Structure of the type III secretion and substrate-binding domain of Yersinia YopH phosphatase

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72457/1/j.0950-382x.2001.02711.x.pd

Two substrate-targeting sites in the Yersinia protein tyrosine phosphatase co-operate to promote bacterial virulence

YopH is a protein tyrosine phosphatase and an essential virulence determinant of the pathogenic bacterium Yersinia. Yersinia delivers YopH into infected host cells using a type III secretion mechanism. YopH dephosphorylates several focal adhesion proteins including p130Cas in human epithelial cells, resulting in disruption of focal adhesions and cell detachment from the extracellular matrix. How the C-terminal protein tyrosine phosphatase domain of YopH targets specific substrates such as p130Cas in the complex milieu of the host cell has not been fully elucidated. An N-terminal non-catalytic domain of YopH binds p130Cas in a phosphotyrosine-dependent manner and functions as a novel substrate-targeting site. The structure of the YopH protein tyrosine phosphatase domain bound to a model phosphopeptide substrate was solved and the resulting structure revealed a second substrate-targeting site (‘site 2’) within the catalytic domain. Site 2 binds to p130Cas in a phosphotyrosine-dependent manner, and co-operates with the N-terminal domain (‘site 1’) to promote efficient recognition of p130Cas by YopH in epithelial cells. The identification of two substrate-targeting sites in YopH that co-operate to promote epithelial cell detachment and bacterial virulence reinforces the importance of protein–protein interactions for determining protein tyrosine phosphatase specificity in vivo , and highlights the sophisticated nature of microbial pathogenicity factors.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73103/1/j.1365-2958.2005.04477.x.pd

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA CADEIA PRODUTIVA DA CARNE BOVINA NO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO

O trabalho de pesquisa analisou a cadeia produtiva da carne bovina (CPCB) no Estado de São Paulo, com objetivo geral de diagnosticar e caracterizar a CPCB no Estado de São Paulo, com a finalidade de detectar os pontos fracos que prejudicam a sua competitividade, e com objetivos específicos de caracterizar a CPBC no Estado de São Paulo, identificar os principais sistemas de produção pecuária predominantes e elaborar um modelo da CPCB para o estado. A coleta dos dados secundários se balizou na sistematização de um conjunto de informações sobre a CPCB no Brasil e no Estado de São Paulo. E a coleta dos dados primários foi feita mediante realização de entrevistas com informantes-chave dos elos dessa cadeia, aplicando questionários semi-estruturados. A CPCB bovina no Estado de São Paulo foi caracterizada como um conjunto de componentes interativos, tais como, diferentes sistemas produtivos, fornecedores de serviços ou insumos, indústria de processamento e transformação, distribuição e comercialização de produtos e subprodutos, e seus consumidores finais. Neste trabalho de pesquisa, acrescenta-se o setor de bens de capital, setor industrial chave para a inserção paulista na cadeia produtiva da carne. Verificou-se que a cadeia se insere de forma diferenciada na CPCB brasileira, mas, possuem pontos fracos que influenciam a competitividade da cadeia no estado, como: pastagens da baixa qualidade; baixo suporte a lotação animal, comprometendo a produtividade paulista, dentre outro. Com base nos pontos fracos identificados, muitos têm soluções, principalmente os relacionados à bovinocultura de corte paulista, encontram-se disponíveis nos Institutos de P&D relacionados a essa cadeia produtiva depende muito de políticas de difusão de tecnologia, inclusive via rede pública de assistência técnica e extensão rural. Mas outros pontos, ainda não têm soluções disponíveis, cabendo ao segmento de P&D alcançá-las. ----------------------------------------------This work has researched the beef production chain (BPC) in São Paulo State, Brazil. Its general purpose is to diagnose and characterize São Paulo State BPC, in order to detect weak points that damage the chain's competition capacity and identify the main cattle raising systems in São Paulo, as well as elaborate a BPC model for the State of São Paulo. Secondary data collection was based on the systematization of retrieved information about BPC in Brazil and in São Paulo State. Primary data collection was made through interviews with key informers in the chain links by means of semi-structured questionnaires. The beef production chain in São Paulo State was characterized as a group of interactive components, such as: different productive systems, service or input suppliers, processing industry, product and by-product marketing and distributing, and its end-consumers. To this research is added the capital assets industry, which is a key factor for the insertion of the state in the national beef production chain. It became clear that the chain plays a special role in the Brazilian BPC. Nevertheless, there are weak points that harm competition performance in the state chain. Among others: low quality pastures, low support to livestock per grazing period or land extension, thus damaging São Paulo State competition performance. Based on the identified weak points, many have found solutions, especially those connected to beef cattle-raising in São Paulo. The data are available at the R&D Institutes serving the industry. Of course they depend a lot on technology promotion policies, including those through public assistance and rural extension networks. But other weak points are still lacking solutions which are on the hands of the R&D sectors to reach them.cadeia produtiva da carne bovina, caracterização, Estado de São Paulo, Beef cattle production chain, characterization, state of São Paulo, Livestock Production/Industries,

Trajetória da pesquisa cafeeira no Brasil - 1932 a 2012.

A mensuração dos impactos das inovações tecnológicas é relevante para a revisão das diretrizes dos programas das Instituições de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, bem como para as Instituições relacionadas à assistência técnica e extensão rural. Para avaliar os impactos das inovações, sejam ambientais ou socioeconômicos, é necessário estudar a evolução da pesquisa e identificar as tecnologias que resultaram em pontos de ruptura para o desenvolvimento setorial. Tendo em vista a relevância histórica do setor cafeeiro para a economia brasileira, este estudo identificou as tecnologias que representaram pontos de ruptura no desenvolvimento da cafeicultura nacional, delineou a trajetória da pesquisa com o café no Brasil, no período 1932 a 2012, e identificou regionalmente a evolução do emprego das tecnologias desenvolvidas para o setor

Activation of Ca2+-activated Cl- current by depolarizing steps in rabbit urethral interstitial cells.

Interstitial cells were isolated from strips of rabbit urethra for study using the amphotericin B perforated-patch technique. Depolarizing steps to -30 mV or greater activated a Ca2+ current (ICa), followed by a Ca2+-activated Cl- current, and, on stepping back to -80 mV, large Cl- tail currents were observed. Both currents were abolished when the cells were superfused with Ca2+-free bath solution, suggesting that Ca2+ influx was necessary for activation of the Cl- current. The Cl- current was also abolished when Ba2+ was substituted for Ca2+ in the bath or the cell was dialyzed with EGTA (2 mM). The Cl- current was also reduced by cyclopiazonic acid, ryanodine, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), and xestospongin C, suggesting that Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) involving both ryanodine and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors contributes to its activation