Crew Resource Management and Shared Mental Models: A Proposal

Crew Resource Management (CRM) training focuses on situation awareness, communication skills, teamwork, task allocation, and decision making. More recently, an interest in cognitive skill is beginning to appear in relation to CRM. One aspect of cognitive skill that has been examined in a variety of team domains is the notion of overlapping or shared mental models among teammates. While a growing amount of evidence on the relationship between shared mental models and team performance exists, only limited research has focused on the role that shared mental models have-in crew resource management. The purpose of this paper is to provide CRM researchers and practitioners an understanding of the shared mental model construct and the role of shared mental models in team performance, as well as to encourage additional research on this topic within the aviation domain

An Evaluation on How General Aviaton Pilots Learn Basic Meteorology

An Evaluation on How General Aviation Pilots Learn Basic Meteorology Jayde M. King, Jessica Cruit, M.S., Beth Blickensderfer, PhD. Introduction. As General Aviation (GA) accidents continue to occur each year, industry officials as well as researchers search for insights into possible causes to these accidents. Weather, in particular degraded weather poses a threat to general aviation. In fact, according to Jarboe (2005), “weather-related airplane accidents led to 240 fatalities in the United States (U.S) and Puerto Rico”(pp.3-11). Considering these facts, questions rise to the degree to which GA pilots actually understand aviation weather knowledge. Currently, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires private pilots to pass the FAA Knowledge exam with a 70% or above. Although this exam includes weather-related questions to test pilots\u27 knowledge of these concepts, pilots can fail the weather portion of the knowledge exam while passing the entire exam, thus receiving their private pilot\u27s license without fully understanding the extent of weather products and weather phenomenon. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding into how pilots learn basic meteorology. Method. In order to assess how pilots learn about weather phenomenon, products, and sources before and/or during their training, we conducted 30 semi-structured interviews with ERAU and non ERAU affiliated pilots. The interview included questions such as, where pilots receive their weather training, how they receive their training, which phase of flight was the most important in terms of weather awareness, and what courses provided the most beneficial weather-related material. Results. The results of the interview reveal several interesting points. 1) Pilots learn weather-related material better when instructed by their flight instructor over any other form of instruction. 2) Pilots stated that the preflight phase of flight was the most crucial for understanding weather products and basic meteorological concepts. 3) As for which courses provided the most beneficial weather-related information, pilots claimed that the introductory weather course (WX201) gave students a better understanding of weather phenomenology over the more advanced weather course (WX301). Pilots stated that the material learned in WX301 was too specific and unnecessary. And although confessing that they did not fully understand or conceptualize the weather information presented in their meteorology courses, pilots explained that they felt comfortable with the breadth of weather-related knowledge learned. Ultimately, pilots agreed that weather plays an important role in flight and general aviation. Discussion. The information obtained from these interviews helps emphasize the importance of improving the quality and scope of weather-related questions on the FAA written exam. The results of the data seek to provide insights into how to better prepare student pilots during their training for possible weather-related hazards during their flight. Ultimately, the goal of this study is to train student pilots with a greater depth of weather knowledge in order to increase certainty in decision making during weather-related events. References Jarboe, J. (2005). U.S. Aviation Weather-Related Crashes and Fatalities in 2004. NOAA’sNational Weather Service, 4(2), 3-11. Retrieved February 17, 2015, from http://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/aviation/front/05june-front.pd

Human Factors Applied to Perioperative Process Improvement

Human factors/ergonomics (HF/E) is its own scientific discipline that can be applied to understanding performance in perioperative medicine. Humans are not perfect decision makers and are affected by a variety of factors that can greatly harm their ability to perform, including attention, bias, stress, and fatigue. HF/E has a unique perspective on human error, and HF/E can illustrate how moving away from blame can enhance safety. HF/E offers strategies for undertaking a systematic approach to assessment of work processes in perioperative medicine that can be used to increase safety and wellbeing of patients and providers

Critical Event Review Team (CERT)

The culture of medicine is shifting from placing blame on providers to a systems-minded culture of trying to understand human error as a symptom of deeper rooted systemic issues. The goal is to reduce harm by redesigning the systems in which humans work

Validated Question Bank for Assessing Pilot Knowledge of Aviation Weather Appendix: Weather Product Interpretation Questions

This appendix supplements the Thomas et al. (2022) paper titled “Validated Question Bank for Assessing Pilot Knowledge of Aviation Weather ” which validates a set of weather product interpretation questions that can be used to measure a pilot’s understanding of weather. The assessment consists of 15 weather product interpretation topics which can be administered as a single 65-question survey or, as in the Thomas et al. (2022) study, two assessments of 33 and 32 questions each separated by topic. The set of 65 questions can be found in this appendix along with a table which demonstrates how to separate the questions into two separate assessments. Correct answers are highlighted in the appendix

Utilizing Human Factors to Improve Perioperative Adverse Event Investigations: An Integrated Approach

Objective: Apply Human Factors (HF), systems engineering, and high reliability organizational principles to improve adverse event investigations in a regional hospital system. Background: Given the complexity of medicine and healthcare systems, innovative thinking is required to ensure these systems are resilient to error. Understanding the work system and its constituent parts is fundamental to understanding how errors begin and propagate. Method: This paper provides a discussion on employing a systems-based approach to improve perioperative adverse event investigations within a hospital system. Results: Data was collected across 13 investigations. The findings are summarized into 16 contributing factors, with 10 specific examples of critical/serious risks that were addressed by the hospital system. Conclusion: Modern medicine needs to look to HF to improve safety and reduce errors. This manuscript provides a systems-based approach grounded in HF and organizational theories to improve how investigations are conducted and the approach to human error within a large hospital system. Application: This work provides practical guidance for those who want to improve postoperative investigations within their own units or hospitals. Precis: This article describes research that evolves the approach to accident investigation to improve perioperative adverse event investigations in hospital settings

Assessing General Aviation Pilots\u27 Weather Knowledge and Self-Efficacy

While accident trends in General Aviation (GA) have decreased overall, accidents rates involving weather have remained relatively consistent over the past 10 years. An assessment was developed and validated to assess if GA pilots lack adequate knowledge of aviation weather concepts. The assessment consisted of a 95 question Aviation Weather Knowledge multiple-choice test covering weather phenomena, aviation weather products, and aviation weather product sources. 204 GA pilots completed the knowledge questions along with an aviation weather self-efficacy (confidence) survey. Results indicated that while instrument rated commercial pilots demonstrated the highest levels of knowledge, their scores were only moderate – around 65% correct. Private pilots had scores in the 60% range. These results may indicate that pilots flying in GA operations have a relatively low level of aviation weather knowledge. Weather self-efficacy was correlated positively with aviation weather knowledge

Evaluating GA Pilots\u27 Interpretation of New Automated Weather Products

Introduction: Over the past 30 years, General Aviation (GA) operations have incurred the majority of weather related accidents in civil aviation operations. Aviation weather knowledge and skills are imperative for hazardous weather avoidance and safe flight activity. Previous research suggests applying human-computer interaction (HCI) principles to weather products may promote better decision-making among pilots. Currently, the Aviation Weather Center (AWC) generates two forms of graphical weather products for reporting icing, turbulence, and visibility: traditional human-in-the-loop products (G-AIRMETs Ice, Tango, and Sierra) and the fully-automated products (CIP/FIP, GTG, and CVA). This study compares pilots’ interpretation of fully-automated products against their interpretation of human-in-loop products. Method: Participants (n=131) completed a series of weather product interpretation questions. Mixed ANOVAs were conducted to analyze the effects of pilot certificate and/or rating (Student, Private, Private w/Instrument, Commercial w/ Instrument) and product generation (traditional vs. automated) on product interpretation scores. Results: Regardless of product generation, pilots displayed similar levels of proficiency when interpreting the icing and ceiling/visibility products. However, pilots’ performed significantly better on the new fully automated turbulence product (GTG) than on the traditional human-in-the-loop turbulence product (AIRMET Tango). Discussion: Producing more user-friendly weather products may make weather product interpretation easier for novice pilots

Learner Centered Debriefing in General Aviation Training: Questions from the Field and Answers from Research

Recently, the “Learner Centered Grading” (LCG) debriefing strategy has been introduced to general aviation flight training. LCG includes two parts: learner self assessment and a detailed debrief led by the instructor. The purpose of the self assessment is to stimulate growth in the learner’s thought processes and, in turn, behaviors. Implementing a training strategy in the field, however, is different from laboratory tests. In an effort to see how the learner centered grading debrief was being used in the field, in-depth interviews with 10 certified flight instructors (CFIs) were conducted. Overall, the CFIs reported that the in-depth discussions were an improvement over traditional instructor-led debriefings. Difficulties, however, were also evident, and a variety of questions and observations were noted ranging from the varying accuracy of the self-assessments to issues with transitioning instructors to use this new style of debrief. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the learner centered grading style debrief, present findings from the interviews with CFIs, and offer recommendations drawn from research on selfassessment and metacognition, as well as applied research on debriefing accomplished in the U.S. Navy shipboard environments