Wastewater Disinfection with HYDROFLOW Technology

Disinfection is the final and very important step of wastewater treatment to maintain healthy ecosystems. Although chlorination is the most prevalent wastewater disinfection method, there are serious safety concerns and ecological problems associated with its use. The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of using a HydroFLOW 60i unit for wastewater disinfection, as an alternative to chlorination. The study was performed using two different reactors, namely, a bench-scale laboratory batch reactor, and a continuous flow, pilot unit. Using the batch reactor, it was found out that the HydroFLOW 60i unit is effective to kill bacteria; however, modifications to this mode of operation would be required in order to increase the disinfection efficiency and to decrease the detention time. When the continuous flow system was run using a hydraulic detention time of 10 minutes and a single pass through the HydroFLOW unit, the E. coli removal efficiency was negligible. Further research is needed to determine the most economical and efficient reactor configuration in order to make the HydroFLOW unit competitive with conventional wastewater chlorination

Displays: Market and Technologies

Displays provide the essential human interface to virtually all electronics instrumentation. The market is large with new applications appearing every year; sometimes with profound impact. Digital watches with liquid crystal displays appeared in the early 1970s and have virtually wiped out the mechanical timepiece industry. Personal computers with cathode ray tube (CRT) displays are proliferating with diverse applications in the industry and in the home. Work stations with high-resolution color displays are changing the way architects, draftsmen, and IC designers perform their job. The CRT is the dominant technology in today\u27s market, and will, no doubt, continue to be for some years to come. High-resolution shadow-mask tubes will capture a larger and larger market share in the coming years. Projection displays will grow rapidly with the introduction of systems based on new technologies and with the advent of high definition TV. The flat panel industry is growing at 30 percent per year, not so much from taking business away from CRTs, as in the creation of new applications. This is an area rich in technologies with many contenders such as plasma, electro-luminescence, liquid crystal, vacuum fluorescent, electro-chromic, and others

The Politics Of Atheism In The West

Though the term atheism encompasses all persons without belief in god(s), more people claim unbelief in god(s) than describe themselves as convinced atheists in every society on earth. While the extant social science research on religion and secularism rigorously explores the nuances of the religion/nonreligion divide, the scholarship largely ignores the complexity of irreligion, or the rejection of all religious truth claims involving supernatural phenomena. In this dissertation, I argue that a cross-national, comparative analysis of nonbelievers and avoatheists provides an ideal opportunity to gain leverage into the poorly understood political dynamics of irreligion, particularly in the context of Western secularization. By modeling atheism as both a worldview and a social identity, this inquiry seeks a balanced understanding of the characteristics and mechanisms of atheism\u27s interaction with politics. Politics and atheism are theorized to influence one another in a variety of ways, enumerated in a series of thirty-three formal hypotheses derived from the relevant literature. Following an introduction, Chapter 1 introduces atheism and lays a foundation for its sociopolitical investigation. The second chapter explores atheism as an outcome of various social, political, and economic factors. Two leading theories on religious change in society are contrasted and used to formulate falsifiable hypotheses, which are then formalized in a series of Bayesian hierarchical models and operationalized using data from thirty countries across nine waves of the combined World Values Survey and European Values Survey (1981-2009). Estimates are obtained using a Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation and are discussed in detail, including a comparison of Bayesian estimates with those derived from a corresponding frequentist model. Chapter 3 investigates the political behavior of various nonreligious groups in attempt to identify irreligion\u27s political impacts. A close examination of political differences between avoatheists, nonbelievers, and the nonreligious sheds light on the relative magnitudes of the political effects of various irreligion components. Methods comprise a series of Bayesian models mirroring those of the prior chapter which are operationalized using the same principle data series. A brief summary of the findings and closing thoughts about their place in the literature comprise the concluding fourth chapter

DESIGNING TWO-PHASE FLOW HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR MITIGATING FOULING

Significant progress has been made in understanding the underlying mechanisms of hydrocarbon fouling and characterizing the effects of physical and chemical parameters in single-phase flows. However, the interactive effects of two-phase flows and fouling mechanisms are poorly understood. Many of the industrial heat exchangers in refining and petrochemical processing operate under multiphase flow conditions with varying flow regimes. Fouling and localized corrosion are generally experienced due to maldistribution of vapor and liquid phases in such heat exchangers. This is because design methods are inadequate to determine localized process conditions that could induce severe fouling locally, which could also lead to localized corrosion by concentrating corrosion species in the deposits. This paper discusses design approaches to evaluate twophase flow conditions and design exchangers to minimize fouling. Such design approaches may not be optimum for heat transfer and pressure drop considerations; however, it will minimize fouling and localized corrosion. The paper focuses on improved design of feed/effluent exchangers with tube side flows and reboilers for minimizing shell-side fouling and a case study is presented. The result is lower lifecycle ownership cost of the exchanger

Trace Elements in the Soils of Some Regions in the Republic of Macedonia

The paper presents investigations carried out on the presence of rare elements in the soils in the vicinity of Kocani, Probistip (Neokazi, Zletovica), Lakavica (along the River Lakavica course) and in the vicinity of Sveti Nikole. The regions are known for their intense agricultural and other anthropological activities. Understanding the level of soil contamination is of enormous importance for the population in the region . The region is also known for the mining activities that also have an impact on the distribution of some microelements in the soils. Studies carried out by ICP-AES included elements such as AI, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Na, K, Ti, Sr, Ba, Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, Co, Y, Li. mo, Se and Ag. Based on the results obtained it can be inferred that there are increased anthropogenic impacts in the regions of Kocani, Zletovica and Lakavica

Mineralogical- Geochemical Characteristic of the Neogene Sediments at the Coal Mine of Zivojno in the Pelagonia Depression

This study gives a first-time detailed analysis of the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the Neogene sediments found at the coal mine of Živojno in the Pelagonija depression based on tested samples of cores recovered in the investigation of the coal series from this region. For the determination of the mineralogical composition we used the x-ray diffraction method while for the determination of the detailed geochemical characteristics we tested the presence of trace elements with the ICP-MS method. The presence of the following main mineral stages was recorded: muscovite/illite, chlorite, quartz, albite, orthoclase and epidote. The presence of these rare elements ranges from (in ppm): Mn (1684); Sr (250); Ba (598); Zn (121); Pb (36); Cr (34); Co (22); Ni (39); Cd (0.65); Cu (55); As (9.7); Li (32); V (121); Mo (2.1); Sb (1.2);  Be (3); Bi (1); Ge (0.38); Sn (2.97); Ag (3.3); Ti (1.41); Rb (157); Cs (8.5); Th (15.9); U (3.93)

Tertiary magmatism within the Republic of Macedonia: a review

Widespread Tertiary magmatism of both orogenic and within-plate signatures developed within the Macedonian part of the Dinarides. Orogenic magmatites (predominantly volcanic rocks) are present in 5 areas (from east to west): Osogovo-Besna Kobila, Kratovo-Zletovo, Bucim-Borov Dol, Dojran and Kozuf. The age of the igneous rocks decreases in the same direction: from Priabonian-Early Oligocene at Os ogovo-Besna Kobila area, Early Oligocene-Miocene in Kratovo-Zletovo and Bucim-Borov Dol to Late Miocene-Late Pliocene in Kozuf. The Osogovo-Besna Kobila area contains only acid volcanics (trachydacites to dacites), occurring mainly as subvolcanic to hypabyssal bodies. They have collision-related chemical characteristics. Latites and andesites to dacites predominate in the Kratovo-Zletovo area, but a monzonite pluton is also be found . Only the shoshonite series (from latites to trachy­ rhyolites) is present in Bucim-Borov Dol, and trachytes in Dojran area. The Kozuf area, which consists of two series; (I) shoshonitic (high-Mg shoshonites, latites and trachydacites) and (2) andesitic series (Iow-K andesites and high-Fe rhyo­lites), seems to be the most complex volcanic field. Magmatites in the last three areas have island arc signatures. The within-plate volcanics rocks are high-K to ultra-K mafic igneous rocks (phonotephrites) accompanied by some absarokite, shoshonite to Iatite .occurrences. Their age is Upper Miocene-Pliocene. These rocks are grouped in 4 areas: Kumanovo, Skopje-SLNikole, Stip and Demir Kapija. The high Mg' and the high Cr-Ni contents of the phonotephrites, together with Fo-rich olivine phenocrysts suggest their asthenospheric origin

Geochemical investigations of the soils in the republic of Macedonia

The paper presents data from studies aiming at determination of individual elements in the soils in some valleys in Macedonia, with particular reference to the concentration of Mg, which is one of the most important bio­ gene elements in the process of photosynthesis in plants. The authors detemined concentrations of individual microelements and toxic elements in some soils in the territory of the Republic of Macedonia. The aim of the studies was to determine the amounts of those elements that exceed the values allowed and are toxic and harmful for the normal growth and development of plant strains

Microelements in the Soils and Ashes of the Plants Viola alsharica and Thymus alsharensis of the Alshar Site-Macedonia

The paper presents detailed geochemical investigations carried out in part of the Alshar polymetallic deposit to investigate the presence of individual microlements in the soils and plants such as Viola alsharica and Thymus alsharensis. The investigated area covers the northern portion of the deposit. Elements analyzed included Sb, Se, W, Zn, Ba, TI, As, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cd and Be. Investigations demonstrated high geochemical correlation between the distribution of individual elements in the soils and plants. It can be inferred that the plants in the area under investigation contain increased concentrations of thallium, zinc, lead, manganese and copper. For the results of previous studies of the Alsar deposit, the reader is referred to Ivanov (1965), Percival and Boev (1990), Percival et al. (1992), Boev and Serafimovski (\996), and for investigation of minerals to Caye el al. (1967), Balic-Zullic et al. (1986) El Goresy and Pavicevic (1988), and Frantz (1994)

The alshar polymetallic deposit and its impact on the lake Tikves

The paper presents investigations carried out on the possible effects of the Alshar AsSb-TI-Au-Ba deposit on the water of Lake Tikves. Lake Tikves is the largest artificial water reservoir in this part of the Republic of Macedonia and plays an important role in the development of agriculture in the region and the municipality of Kavadarci. Lake Tikves is constructed on the Cma River, which is the largest water artery that receives most of the waters in the western region of the country. The River Blasnica empties into Lake Tikves below the village of Klinovo carrying the waters of the westem parts of Mts. Kozuf and Kozjak. It receives the waters of the Majdanska, Portska, and Kozamic. The River Mjadanska flows through the central part of the Alsar mineralized zone and through numerous earlier dumps of waste material abundant in As, TI, Sb, Pb and Zn. Investigations carried out regarding the present state at the Alshar mine indicate that it does not have a large impact on the waters in Lake Tikves and that it is important to protect the balance