Association of haplotypes for SNPs in the LTR regions of bovine leukemia virus with hematological indices of cattle

Molecular typing of BLV samples isolated from Holsteinized Russian Black Pied cattle was carried out, and various cytofluorometric and morphological blood indices were examined. We performed the total count of white blood cells (WBC), lymphocyte (lymf), granulocyte (gran), monocyte (mon), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HTC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), and platelet crit count (PCT). The LTR-region of BLV was haplotyped. Only viruses of haplotypes I (0.33±0.03) and III (0.67±0.03) of the eight possible were detected. The ratio of hematologically sick, healthy, and suspected carriers of BLV of haplotypes I and II was comparable with the results of other researchers. The numbers of leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets in the blood of carriers of haplotype III exceeded the corresponding parameters of cattle affected by the virus of haplotype I. It is interesting to note that the difference in the hemolytic status of animals was manifested not only by the concentration of leukocytes as direct immune agents but also by the count of erythrocytes and platelets, which are not directly involved in the immune response. The number of particles of haplotype III of the BLV circulating in the blood of infected individuals exceeded that of the carriers of haplotype I. In this connection, an assumption was made about the evolutionary advantage of the more virulent haplotype III. However, the results of our own research in conjunction with the data of other scientists indicate that the high virulence of individual virus strains is a consequence of the tendency to implement the maximum possible intensity of the synthesis of virus particles but not of the high damaging effect alone. It is shown that high lethality is evolutionarily disadvantageous for viruses, since the extinction of the carrier as a biological species is fraught with the disappearance of the virus itself

Horizontal Branch Stars: The Interplay between Observations and Theory, and Insights into the Formation of the Galaxy

We review HB stars in a broad astrophysical context, including both variable and non-variable stars. A reassessment of the Oosterhoff dichotomy is presented, which provides unprecedented detail regarding its origin and systematics. We show that the Oosterhoff dichotomy and the distribution of globular clusters (GCs) in the HB morphology-metallicity plane both exclude, with high statistical significance, the possibility that the Galactic halo may have formed from the accretion of dwarf galaxies resembling present-day Milky Way satellites such as Fornax, Sagittarius, and the LMC. A rediscussion of the second-parameter problem is presented. A technique is proposed to estimate the HB types of extragalactic GCs on the basis of integrated far-UV photometry. The relationship between the absolute V magnitude of the HB at the RR Lyrae level and metallicity, as obtained on the basis of trigonometric parallax measurements for the star RR Lyrae, is also revisited, giving a distance modulus to the LMC of (m-M)_0 = 18.44+/-0.11. RR Lyrae period change rates are studied. Finally, the conductive opacities used in evolutionary calculations of low-mass stars are investigated. [ABRIDGED]Comment: 56 pages, 22 figures. Invited review, to appear in Astrophysics and Space Scienc

Буквалізми та інші перекладацькі помилки

n the field of interstate, interethnic, interpersonal communication, translation is one of the most important aspects of maintaining communication and  mutual understanding. However, at all times the translation activity and its results were not ideal, as evidenced by errors and inaccuracies in various areas of translation, which subsequently become the object of study by translation theoreticians and linguists in order to identify their causes and avoid them in the future. This article focuses on the inappropriateness of literal translation and the use of literalisms by translators, work on correcting translation errors by identifying and eliminating their causes. The authors give many examples of errors in translations of both classical and modern literature, even in translations of films, and offer their own translation options in order to clarify the author’s idea or preserve the original connotation in the target language. In their judgments, the authors rely on the statements of prominent linguists. In particular, the possibilities of translating non-equivalent vocabulary are considered, examples of their use in the novels of M.V. Gogol and their German translations. The use of literal translation by  translators is sometimes explained by insufficient knowledge of the target language. Inexperienced translators may also not distinguish between interlanguage homonyms, resorting to the so-called false friends of the translator, examples of which are also contained in the article. The main reason for translation errors and literalisms is the mechanical transfer of the phenomena of the original language into the target language. To achieve the adequacy of the translation, it is recommended to understand the meaning of the original translation unit and take into account the wider context.У сфері міждержавного, міжетнічного, міжособистісного спілкування переклад є одним із найважливіших аспектів підтримки спілкування та взаєморозуміння. Однак не завжди перекладацька діяльність та її результати були ідеальними, про що свідчать помилки та неточності у різних сферах перекладу, які згодом стають об’єктом вивчення теоретиків перекладу та лінгвістів з метою виявлення їх причин та уникнення їх у майбутньому. Дана стаття зосереджена на розкритті недоречності буквального перекладу та роботі над виправленням перекладацьких помилок шляхом виявлення та усунення їх причин. Автори наводять багато прикладів помилок у перекладах як класичної, так і сучасної літератури, також у перекладах фільмів, та пропонують власні варіанти перекладу, щоб уточнити задум автора або зберегти оригінальний відтінок мовою перекладу. Усвоїх судженнях автори спираються на рекомендації видатних лінгвістів. Зокрема, розглянуто можливості перекладу безеквівалентної лексики,приклади її використання у романах Миколи Гоголя та німецькомовних перекладах. Використання перекладачами дослівного перекладу іноді пояснюється недостатнім знанням мови перекладу. Недосвідчені перекладачі також можуть не розрізняти міжмовні омоніми, вдаючись до так  званих неправдивих друзів перекладача, приклади яких також містяться у статті. Основною причиною помилок в літературних перекладах є механічне перенесення явищ мови оригіналу на мову перекладу. Для досягнення адекватності перекладу рекомендується досконало зрозуміти значення одиниці перекладу в оригіналі та врахувати ширший контекст

Biological Diversity of Haplotypes of the Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)

Aim. This article is devoted to the study of the molecular structure of the LTR-region of the BLV genome (bovine leukemia virus) circulating in herds of the black-and-white Holstein breed in the Novosibirsk Region.Material and Methods. Blood samples (n=288) of black-and-white Holstein cattle were taken in 2016 in the Novosibirsk Region. Screening for the pres-ence/absence of BLV was carried out by PCR analysis. Hematological studies were carried out using a hematological analyzer RSE-90 Vet.Results. BstMAI restrictase forms the same sections for all the studied samples, visualized as fragments of 237 and 206 bp in length, respectively. The hydrolysis of restrictase BspI showed the formation of fragments of 262 and 161 bp in 100% of the samples, which indicates the monomorphism of the site for nucleotide A (adenine). Hydrolysis by endonuclease Bse1 formed fragments 370 and 73 bp long, which correspond to haplotype I, as well as 378 and 65 bp, which correspond to haplotype III. The correspondence between the virus haplotype and the number of bovine leukocytes was considered but no significant differences in the leukocyte formulas of haplotype I and III carriers were found. Various hypotheses of evolutionary models of the relationship between BLV and cattle, where the determining factor might be polymorphism of the LTR virus region, are considered.Conclusion. Our own research and data in the literature indicates the invalidity of the hypothesis of the influence of mutations of the LRT-region on the degree of recognition of BLV by the immune system of cattle

GENERALIZED TUBERCULOSIS WITH SPINAL LESIONS IN HIV PATIENTS

У больных с сочетанной инфекцией на поздних стадиях ВИЧ-инфекции меняется морфология туберкулезного воспаления, приобретающего генерализованный характер, протекая по типу сепсиса с вовлечением 5-6 органов. Клинико-рентгенологические проявления становятся атипичными [3, 5], что приводит к несвоевременной диагностике сочетанной патологии – ВИЧ-инфекция и туберкулез – в 58,3% случаев [6]