Geostatistical mapping and spatial variability of surficial sediment types on the Beaufort Sea shelf based on grain size data

The nearshore Beaufort Sea is a sensitive marine environment that is also the focus of oil and gas exploration. Offshore, the Beaufort Sea contains large potential reserves of hydrocarbons. Any future exploitation of these resources will present unique engineering challenges and will require an understanding of the processes that govern stability, nearshore morphology and sediment properties in the extensive shallow coastal zone of the Beaufort Sea shelf. Knowledge of the surficial sediment distribution is, therefore, necessary to provide a framework for understanding sediment stability, sediment transport, platform foundation conditions and to balance engineering challenges with environmental concerns, resource development and precautionary sustainable management. We describe an approach for a quality controlled mapping of grain sizes and sediment textures for the Beaufort Sea shelf in the Canadian Arctic. The approach is based on grain size data sampled during the period 1969-2008. A replenishment of grain size data since the 1980’s, as well as the consideration of correlating parameters (bathymetry, slope and sediment input) to a cokriging algorithm, amends the former way of mapping the surficial sediments of the Beaufort Sea shelf. Subsequent to data processing and applying autocorrelation, four single grids (clay, silt, sand and gravel) were generated from grain size data by ordinary kriging and cokriging. Cokriging also considered parameters that influence sediment texture such as bathymetry, slope, cost distance from the Mackenzie River and data anisotropy (directional dependency). The cokriging algorithm expressed as a variogram was quality controlled by cross-validation and predicted standard errors (PSEs). PSE values express a maximum deviation of modeled from the real values and therefore help to estimate the quality in these regions regarding the interpolation results for each grain size range. A sediment type classification scheme applied to the set of clay, silt, sand and gravel content maps resulted in a sediment type map of the Beaufort Sea shelf. The PSEs of ordinary kriging and cokriging have been compared and showed that the cokriging technique provided superior interpolation results for silt and slightly improved results for clay and sand. Cokriging was able to capture most of the small variations in the sediment texture distribution. Furthermore, reduced nugget effects confirmed that the cost distance grid was a better indicator for sediment texture when compared to bathymetry and slope. For gravel, ordinary kriging achieved better prediction probabilities and was, therefore, used for generation of the distribution map for this grain size class. The use of cokriging and ordinary kriging greatly enhanced interpolation estimates without additional sampling. Especially in nearshore regions, like the Beaufort Sea shelf, geostatistical interpolation techniques are very useful for evaluating seabed sediment texture because sampling is often difficult or impossible due to ice conditions or even prohibited near oil platforms. The described methodology along with the inclusion of recent data, provided an improved mapping of the surficial sediments of the Beaufort Sea shelf

Maragall i la vivència de la religiositat

Tan sols pels articles escrits arran de la Setmana Tràgica i pel poema Cant espiritual, Joan Maragall (1860-1911) ja podria ser qualificat d’intel•lectual i de poeta cristià. L’article fa referència a aquests textos però també a molts d’altres —potser menys coneguts— que ens acosten al pensament religiós i a les vivències de religiositat del poeta. Podem escoltar la veu de Maragall que ens parla de la seva relació amb el cristianisme, d’emocions i de sentiments, de fe i de festes religioses, a través d’uns fragments que abracen l’itinerari vital, des dels records d’infantesa fins a les notes autobiogràfiques escrites en complir cinquanta anys.On the simple basis of his articles about the Tragic Week and his poem Cant espiritual, Joan Maragall (1860-1911) could be described as an intellectual and a Christian poet. This article considers these writings among many others – perhaps less well-known – that introduce us to the religious thought and experiences of the poet. The voice of Maragall can be heard speaking of his relationship with Christianity, of emotions and feelings, of faith and religious celebrations, through fragments that embrace his life’s journey, from the memories of his childhood to the autobiographical notes written when on the occasion of his 50th birthday