185 research outputs found
LâĂle-dâYeu â Pointe de la Tranche
Le site de la Tranche est localisĂ© sur la pointe du mĂȘme nom, au sud-ouest de lâĂźle dâYeu. BarrĂ© par un talus sur son pan nord-est, ce gisement sâĂ©tend sur environ 1 ha. Cet Ă©peron dâorthogneiss culmine Ă 22 m NGF et surplombe la mer dâenviron 18 m. De rĂ©centes prospections corrĂ©lĂ©es Ă lâobservation dâĂ©lĂ©ments affleurant ont rapidement attirĂ© notre attention. Aujourdâhui encore des structures subsistent en surface. Outre un talus de terre sur le pan nord-nord-est de lâĂ©peron ainsi que des str..
LâĂle-dâYeu â Pointe de la Tranche
Le site de la pointe de la Tranche occupe un Ă©peron dâorthogneiss culminant Ă 22 m NGF au sud-ouest de lâĂźle dâYeu. De rĂ©centes prospections ont livrĂ© un assemblage lithique consĂ©quent qui nâest pas sans rappeler le NĂ©olithique rĂ©cent. Des indices dâanthropisation sont Ă©galement encore visibles en surface du gisement. Ainsi entre deux affleurements massifs, sur environ 80 m de long, des dalles disposĂ©es Ă la verticale barrent lâĂ©peron. Cette ligne de blocs ordonnĂ©e en arc de cercle marque ain..
Occupations insulaires au Néolithique récent : Groah Denn 1 à Hoëdic (Morbihan)
LâarchĂ©ologie en contexte insulaire nâest pas nouvelle. La richesse archĂ©ologique de lâĂźle dâHoedic est ainsi connue dĂšs la fin du XIXe siĂšcle. La rĂ©cente fouille de lâalignement mĂ©galithique de Groah Denn livre nĂ©anmoins dâinĂ©dites informations sur lâoccupation insulaire. Des zones dâateliers (amas de dĂ©bitage) dĂ©volus Ă la production dâoutils lithiques ainsi que des dĂ©pĂŽts lithique et cĂ©ramique se dĂ©veloppent de part et dâautre de la file de blocs. CorrĂ©lĂ©s Ă lâabsence dâhabitat proche, ces faits ponctuels donnent Ă ce gisement un statut tout Ă fait particulier. Ces phĂ©nomĂšnes relĂšvent dâune mĂȘme phase chronologique quâest le NĂ©olithique rĂ©cent, comme en atteste nettement la culture matĂ©rielle, mais de moments diffĂ©rents. Le mobilier lithique et cĂ©ramique mis au jour renvoie ainsi au NĂ©olithique rĂ©cent rĂ©gional (IVe millĂ©naire av. J.-C.) et plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment au Groh CollĂ©. La production cĂ©ramique se distingue par la prĂ©sence de motifs Groh CollĂ© mais Ă©galement de quelques formes proches du Conguel. Bien quâen contexte insulaire, les productions dĂ©couvertes sur le gisement ne diffĂšrent en rien des productions continentales. Le mobilier recueilli rĂ©vĂšle Ă©galement des Ă©changes avec les cĂŽtes proches mais Ă©galement plus lointaines de matiĂšres, de produits ou encore dâidĂ©es. Les populations insulaires, au NĂ©olithique rĂ©cent, ne sont pas isolĂ©es mais participent au contraire aux Ă©changes, dĂ©passant largement les limites imposĂ©es par la mer.Archaeology in an island context is no new thing. For instance, the archaeological wealth of HoĂ©dic has been known since the end of the 19th century. The recent excavation of the megalithic alignment of Groat Denn gives new information on the occupation of the island. Zones of âworkshopsâ (marked by heaps of debris) producing stone tools, as well as lithic and ceramic deposits are to be found on either side of the alignment. Together with the absence of nearby domestic settlements, this gives the site a status of its own. These facts belong to the same period of time, namely the late Neolithic, as is clearly evidenced by the material culture from different moments. So, the lithic and ceramic items brought to light send us back to the late Neolithic (4th millennium B.C.) in the district, more precisely at Groh CollĂ©. The ceramic production stands out, with the presence of Groh CollĂ© motifs as well as some shapes close to Conguel. Though found in an island context, those productions are in no way different from continental ones. The items found there also reveal exchanges of materials, products, and ideas, with nearby shores as well as with more distant ones. The island populations, in the late Neolithic, are not isolated; on the contrary, they take part in exchanges that widely exceed the limits imposed by the sea
Histoires de mĂ©galithes : enquĂȘte Ă Port-Blanc (Saint-Pierre-Quiberon, Morbihan)
Au nord-ouest de la presquâĂźle quiberonnaise, lâensemble mĂ©galithique de Port-Blanc (ou Porz Guen) Ă Saint-Pierre-Quiberon (Morbihan) occupe un rebord de falaise. Ă la fin du xixe siĂšcle, FĂ©lix Gaillard le fouille mĂ©ticuleusement, suite Ă la visite nocturne de quelques chercheurs de trĂ©sor. Au cours de cette opĂ©ration archĂ©ologique, de nombreux os humains, parfois en connexion, ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©couverts ; fait relativement rare dans lâOuest de la France. Ă lâoccasion de la rĂ©cente restauration de ce monument, des observations complĂ©mentaires et de nouveaux relevĂ©s ont pu ĂȘtre effectuĂ©s. Cette Ă©tude architecturale (matĂ©riaux utilisĂ©s, techniques employĂ©es, etc.) offre des informations inĂ©dites. Celles-ci mĂ©ritent ici dâĂȘtre croisĂ©es avec les diverses donnĂ©es accumulĂ©es au cours des 130 annĂ©es qui se sont Ă©coulĂ©es depuis le dĂ©but de la premiĂšre intervention de terrain, un certain dimanche 18 fĂ©vrier 1883âŠTo the northwest of the Quiberon peninsula, the megalithic group of Port-Blanc (or Porz Guen) at Saint-Pierre-Quiberon (Morbihan) occupies a cliff edge. At the end of nineteenth century, further to the night-visit of some treasure hunters, it was fastidiously excavated by FĂ©lix Gaillard. During this archaeological dig, some human bones, sometimes connected, were discovered; a relatively rare occurrence in Western France. With the recent restoration of this monument, additional research has been undertaken and new samples taken. This architectural study (raw material, techniques of construction, etc.) offers new information that deserves to be cross-analysed with the data accumulated over the 130 years since the beginning of the first intervention, on Sunday 18th February 1883
Santé et inscription territoriale des populations - apports et enjeux autour des notions de genre, territoire et santé
Le dossier thĂ©matique « Genre, Territoire et Santé » ouvert dans la RFST fait suite Ă un sĂ©minaire dâune journĂ©e organisĂ© en janvier 2014 Ă Paris par un collectif de chercheuses (Audrey Bochaton, Alice Denoyel-Jaumard, Emmanuelle Faure, ClĂ©lia Gasquet-Blanchard et Sandrine Halfen) dans le cadre de lâAxe « SantĂ© et inscription territoriale des populations » du CollĂšge international des sciences du territoire (CIST). Cette journĂ©e avait comme objectif, par une approche pluridisciplinaire, de mieux comprendre lâarticulation entre le genre, le territoire et la santĂ©. En effet, en gĂ©ographie et en sociologie, les inĂ©galitĂ©s entre hommes et femmes en termes dâoccupation, dâappropriation ou dâĂ©vitement de lâespace (privĂ© ou public), ou encore dâaccĂšs aux connaissances, aux pouvoirs et aux ressources font lâobjet de nombreux travaux. Dans les recherches en santĂ© publique, de nombreux travaux montrent aussi dâimportantes disparitĂ©s entre hommes et femmes, en matiĂšre dâespĂ©rance de vie, de mortalitĂ©, de morbiditĂ©, mais Ă©galement de reprĂ©sentations de la santĂ© et plus gĂ©nĂ©ralement de comportements de santĂ©. Or, malgrĂ© ces constats, la rĂ©flexion sur lâarticulation entre genre, territoire et santĂ© reste encore novatrice. Les contributions Ă ce dossier apportent des Ă©clairages originaux, du fait de leur ancrage disciplinaire et leurs terrains respectifs, et posent notamment deux questions centrales : comment les diffĂ©rences de pratiques spatiales des hommes et des femmes se traduisent-elles sur leur Ă©tat de santĂ© et leurs comportements sanitaires ? Quel est le rĂŽle du genre, parmi dâautres dĂ©terminants, dans les parcours sanitaires et les caractĂ©ristiques de lâĂ©tat de santĂ© des populations ? Le principe des dossiers thĂ©matiques de la RFST Ă©tant quâils restent ouverts en permanence, de nouveaux textes viendront dans le futur proposer des rĂ©ponses Ă ces questions et probablement en poser de nouvelles.This special report of the RFST journal is linked to a one-day seminar held in January 2014 in Paris by the College international des sciences du territoire (CIST), area of work âhealth and territorial inclusion of populationsâ. Through a multidisciplinary approach, the aim of the seminar was to better understand the relationship between gender, territory and health. In geography and sociology, inequalities between men and women has been widely documented in terms of occupation, ownership or avoidance of space (private or public) or in terms of access to knowledge, power and resources. A lot of studies in the field of public health also show significant differences between men and women in terms of life expectancy, mortality, morbidity but also representation of health, and more generally health behaviors. But despite these observations, considerations on relationship between gender, territory and health still remain innovative. The contributions of this special report bring original insights by their disciplinary anchor and their own field research, and lead to two central questions: how differences between men and women in spatial practices reflect on their health and their health behaviors? And, what is the role of gender, among other determinants, in the health care pathways and the health of the population? The special reports of the RFST remain open permanently. It means that new texts will be added in the future and will provide answers to these questions and probably will submit new questions
Implication of scavenger receptors in the interactions between diesel exhaust particles and immature or mature dendritic cells
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The exposure to pollutants such as diesel exhaust particles (DEP) is associated with an increased incidence of respiratory diseases. However, the mechanisms by which DEP have an effect on human health are not completely understood. In addition to their action on macrophages and airway epithelial cells, DEP also modulate the functions of dendritic cells (DC). These professional antigen-presenting cells are able to discriminate unmodified self from non-self thanks to pattern recognition receptors such as the Toll like Receptors (TLR) and Scavenger Receptors (SR). SR were originally identified by their ability to bind and internalize modified lipoproteins and microorganisms but also particles and TLR agonists. In this study, we assessed the implication of SR in the effects of DEP associated or not with TLR agonists on monocyte-derived DC (MDDC). For this, we studied the regulation of CD36, CXCL16, LOX-1, SR-A1 and SR-B1 expression on MDDC treated with DEP associated or not with TLR2, 3 and 4 ligands. Then, the capacity of SR ligands (dextran sulfate and maleylated-ovalbumin) to block the effects of DEP on the function of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated DC has been evaluated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Our data demonstrate that TLR2 agonists mainly augmented CXCL16, LOX-1 and SR-B1 expression whereas DEP alone had only a weak effect. Interestingly, DEP modulated the action of TLR2 and TLR4 ligands on the expression of LOX-1 and SR-B1. Pretreatment with the SR ligand maleylated-ovalbumin but not dextran sulfate inhibited the endocytosis of DEP by MDDC. Moreover, this SR ligand blocked the effect by DEP at low dose (1 Όg/ml) on MDDC phenotype (a decrease of CD86 and HLA-DR expression) and on the secretion of CXCL10, IL-12 and TNF-α. In contrast, the decrease of IL-12 and CXCL10 secretion and the generation of oxygen metabolite induced by DEP at 10 Όg/ml was not affected by SR ligands</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results show for the first time that the modulation of DC functions by DEP implicates SR. TLR agonists upregulated SR expression in contrast to DEP. Interfering with the expression and/or the function of SR might be one way to limit the impact of DEP on lung immune response.</p
Effects of community health worker interventions on socioeconomic inequities in maternal and newborn health in low-income and middle-income countries: A mixed-methods systematic review
Introduction Community health worker (CHW) interventions are promoted to improve maternal and newborn health in low-income and middle-income countries. We reviewed the evidence on their effectiveness in reducing socioeconomic inequities in maternal and newborn health outcomes, how they achieve these effects, and contextual processes that shape these effects. Methods We conducted a mixed-methods systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies published between 1996 and 2017 in Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus databases. We included studies examining the effects of CHW interventions in low-income and middle-income countries on maternal and newborn health outcomes across socioeconomic groups (wealth, occupation, education, class, caste or tribe and religion). We then conducted a narrative synthesis of evidence. Results We identified 1919 articles, of which 22 met the inclusion criteria. CHWs facilitated four types of interventions: home visits, community-based groups, cash transfers or combinat
âThat is because we are aloneâ:A relational qualitative study of socio-spatial inequities in maternal and newborn health programme coverage in rural Uttar Pradesh, India
This qualitative study was conducted in Uttar Pradesh state, India to explore how interrelated socio-economic position and spatial characteristics of four diverse villages may have influenced equity in coverage of community-based maternal and newborn health (MNH) services. We conducted social mapping and three focus group discussions in each village, among women of lower and higher socio-economic position who recently gave birth, and with community health workers (n = 134). Data were analysed in NVivo 11.0 using thematic framework analysis. The extent of socio-economic hierarchies and spatial disparateness within the village, combined with distance to larger centers, together shaped villagesâ level of socio-spatial remoteness. Disadvantaged socio-economic groups expressed being more often spatially isolated, with less access to infrastructure, resources or services, which was heightened if the village was physically distant from larger centers. In more socio-spatially remote villages, inequities in coverage of MNH services that disadvantaged lower socio-economic position groups were compounded as these groups more often experienced ASHA vacancies, as well as greater distance to and poorer perceived quality of health services nearest the village. The results inform a conceptual framework of âsocio-spatial remotenessâ that can guide public health research and programmes to more comprehensively address health inequities within India and beyond.</p
âThat is because we are aloneâ:A relational qualitative study of socio-spatial inequities in maternal and newborn health programme coverage in rural Uttar Pradesh, India
This qualitative study was conducted in Uttar Pradesh state, India to explore how interrelated socio-economic position and spatial characteristics of four diverse villages may have influenced equity in coverage of community-based maternal and newborn health (MNH) services. We conducted social mapping and three focus group discussions in each village, among women of lower and higher socio-economic position who recently gave birth, and with community health workers (n = 134). Data were analysed in NVivo 11.0 using thematic framework analysis. The extent of socio-economic hierarchies and spatial disparateness within the village, combined with distance to larger centers, together shaped villagesâ level of socio-spatial remoteness. Disadvantaged socio-economic groups expressed being more often spatially isolated, with less access to infrastructure, resources or services, which was heightened if the village was physically distant from larger centers. In more socio-spatially remote villages, inequities in coverage of MNH services that disadvantaged lower socio-economic position groups were compounded as these groups more often experienced ASHA vacancies, as well as greater distance to and poorer perceived quality of health services nearest the village. The results inform a conceptual framework of âsocio-spatial remotenessâ that can guide public health research and programmes to more comprehensively address health inequities within India and beyond.</p
Understanding the roles of community health workers in improving perinatal health equity in rural Uttar Pradesh, India: a qualitative study
Background: Despite substantial reductions in perinatal deaths (stillbirths and early neonatal deaths), Indiaâs perinatal mortality rates remain high, both nationally and in individual states. Rates are highest among disadvantaged socio-economic groups. To address this, Indiaâs National Health Mission has trained community health workers called Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) to counsel and support women by visiting them at home before and after childbirth. We conducted a qualitative study to explore the roles of ASHAsâ home visits in improving equity in perinatal health between socio-economic position groups in rural Uttar Pradesh (UP), India. Methods: We conducted social mapping in four villages of two districts in UP, followed by three focus group discussions in each village (12 in total) with ASHAs and women who had recently given birth belonging to âhigherâ and âlowerâ socio-economic position groups (n = 134 participants). We analysed the data in NVivo and Dedoose using a thematic framework approach. Results: Home visits enabled ASHAs to build trusting relationships with women, offer information about health services, schemes and preventive care, and provide practical support for accessing maternity care. This helped many women and families prepare for birth and motivated them to deliver in health facilities. In particular, ASHAs encouraged women who were poorer, less educated or from lower caste groups to give birth in public Community Health Centres (CHCs). However, women who gave birth at CHCs often experienced insufficient emergency obstetric care, mistreatment from staff, indirect costs, lack of medicines, and referrals to higher-level facilities when complications occurred. Referrals often led to delays and higher fees that placed the greatest burden on families who were considered of lower socio-economic position or living in remote areas, and increased their risk of experiencing perinatal loss. Conclusions: The study found that ASHAs built relationships, counselled and supported many pregnant women of lower socio-economic positions. Ongoing inequities in health facility births and perinatal mortality were perpetuated by overlapping contextual issues beyond the ASHAsâ purview. Supporting ASHAsâ integration with community organisations and health system strategies more broadly is needed to address these issues and optimise pathways between equity in intervention coverage, processes and perinatal health outcomes
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